Sergey Banadysev, Ngaka ea Saense ea Temo, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
Litapole tse nyenyane (MK) ke litloholo tsa pele tse nang le li-tuberous tsa limela tse sa tsoakoang tsa litapole. Ho fumana li-mini-tubers ke selemo sa pele sa morero oa peo ea litapole linaheng tsohle tse nang le tlhahiso ea litapole tse tsoetseng pele. Li-tubers tse nyane tsa litapole li lengoa feela maemong a sirelelitsoeng a mobu, a sa kenyelletseng likotsi tsa ho ts'oaetsoa hape ha limela ka mafu a vaerase, fungal le baktheria (haeba li-tubers tse tsoang limela tse nyopa li lengoa sebakeng se bulehileng, joale ha se li-tubers tse nyane tse fumanoang joalo ka semela. sephetho, empa moloko oa pele oa tšimo).
Ka kakaretso ho amoheloa hore bophara ba mini-tuber e lokela ho ba bonyane 10 mm, ntho leha e le efe e fokolang ke microtuber.
Tlhokahalo ea li-tubers tse nyane bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lithane tse likete tse 10 tsa batho ba phahameng sechabeng ke: ka morero oa lilemo tse hlano oa OS le ES (tlhahiso ea peo ea pele le e phahameng) - likotoana tse likete tse 50; ka morero oa lilemo tse 'nè oa OS le ES - likotoana tse likete tse 400; ka morero oa lilemo tse tharo - likotoana tse limilione tse 3.
Russia Federation e na le motheo oa eona o tiileng oa saense le boqapi sebakeng sena. Kenyelletso e kholo ea mahlale a sejoale-joale a ho hola li-mini-tubers naheng ea Russia esale e etsoa pele ho linaha tse ling tse ntseng li hola litapole: kahoo theknoloji ea substrate e ile ea hlahisoa lilemong tse 40 tse fetileng, litsi tse 15 tsa biotechnology li ile tsa sebetsa ho eona; hydroponic - lilemo tse 30 tse fetileng, e sebelisoa ke Doka - Gene Technologies, Meristematic Cultures; aeroponic - ntshetswa pele ka All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology) mathoasong a lilemo tsa 2000, ho tloha 2010 theknoloji ena e 'nile ea khothalletsoang ke Setsi sa Machaba sa Litapole 'me se hasana ka mafolofolo lefatšeng ka bophara. Naheng ea Russia, ho hlahisoa limela tsa indasteri bakeng sa li-tubers tse ntseng li hola: Sefate sa Litapole le Meristem. Ka nako e ts'oanang, likhoebo tse ngata tsa malapeng tse jalang peo li ntse li hlahisa li-mini-tubers ka bongata bo fokolang, ka har'a meeli ea tlhokahalo ea morero oa lilemo tse hlano bakeng sa ho fumana batho ba phahameng. Ke k'hamphani ea FAT-Agro feela e fihlileng boemong ba li-unit tse fetang limilione tse 2 ka selemo, e leng ho lekaneng ho fetola morero oa lilemo tse tharo.
Keketseho e akaretsang ea tlhahiso ea li-tubers tse nyane molemong oa ho fokotsa sekema sa tlhahiso ea peo le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba sehlahisoa ke mokhoa oa leano oa ho nts'etsapele tlhahiso ea peo ea litapole. Ka pono ena kelellong, ho entsoe boiteko bo bongata lilemong tsa morao tjena ho ntlafatsa mekhoa ea temo. Sepheo se seholo sa mekhoa e mecha ke ho fumana li-tubers tse ngata ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang semela se seng le se seng sa in vitro le sebaka se le seng sa sethopo sa sethopo. Ho e finyella, ho sebelisoa mekhoa e mengata ea tlhahiso ea lijalo, empa hase litharollo tsohle tse reriloeng ho latela liphello tsa lipatlisiso tsa saense tse fanang ka liphello tsa tlhahiso ea indasteri.
Likarolo tse ngata tsa tlhahiso e ntle ea li-minituber tse phahameng ke tsebo ea ho tseba. Tlhahiso ea Serussia ea li-tubers tsa mini-potato esale e etsoa ka mokhoa o atlehileng le o tsoetseng pele oa saense le thekenoloji. 'Me joale naha e na le mekhoa e fumanehang le e sebelisang theknoloji e holimo haholo ho feta boemo ba lefatše.
Boemo ba mantlha ba tlhahiso e tšoanelehang ea li-mini-tubers ke ho latela melao le melaoana ea hajoale. Moralo oa taolo oa Russia Federation mabapi le taba ena ke boeletsi ka tlhaho, molaong oa hajoale mabapi le setifikeiti sa lijalo tsa temo, mohlala, ha ho na lentsoe mabapi le melao ea tlhahiso le netefatso ea li-tubers tsa litapole tse nyane. Boemong bo joalo, hoa hlokahala ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho phihlelo ea machaba. Linaheng tsohle tse nang le tlhahiso ea peo ea litapole e tsoetseng pele, litlhoko tse tlamang bakeng sa mokhatlo, theknoloji le boleng ba li-tubers tse hlahisitsoeng li amohetsoe, li amohetsoe ka molao le ho hlokomeloa ka thata.
Litlhoko tsena li lokela ho nkoa e le motheo oa likhoebo tsa malapeng tse sebetsanang le tlhahiso ea li-mini-tubers, ka mokhoa oa litekanyetso tsa khoebo, bakeng sa boitšoaro, ho fihlela mmuso o thehile moralo oa molao oa tsamaiso sebakeng sena. Ka mohlala, Russia Federation ho na le litloaelo bakeng sa moralo oa thekenoloji oa li-complexes tsa ho ikatisa le li-greenhouses tsa ho ikatisa NTP-APK 1.10.09.001-02. Leha ho le joalo, baetsi ba NTP ha baa ka ba kenyelletsa tokomaneng karolo e mabapi le likarolo tse tlamang tsa meaho e reretsoeng ho hola li-mini-tubers. Hape ho na le likarolo tse ngata tse joalo, mohlala: sethopo sa sethopo se lokela ho ba le monyako o habeli o nang le kamore ea ho apara bakeng sa ho fetola liaparo. Sebaka seo ho fetoloang ho sona se lokela ho ba le lisebelisoa tsa maoto le sesepa bakeng sa ho hlatsoa matsoho le ho bolaea likokoana-hloko. Menyako ea menyako le menyako eohle ea moea e tlameha ho koaheloa ka letlooeng la tšireletso ea hoaba (mesh boholo ba boholo ba 0,5 ka 0,9 mm). Kamore e tlameha ho laoloa hantle bakeng sa mocheso le mongobo (o sebetsang bakeng sa ntlo ea khalase). Mocheso o se nang mobu o lokela ho sebelisoa bakeng sa ho ikamahanya le limela tse sa tsoakoang. Haeba motsoako oa mobu / mobu o sebelisoa, o tlameha ho phekoloa / ho hloekisoa ka nepo ho netefatsa hore ha ho na likokoana-hloko tsa mobu.
Sejalo sa minituber se tlameha ho fumanoa ho tsoa ho li-microplant tse netefalitsoeng ka molao kapa li-microtubers tse lenngoeng tikolohong ea aseptic ho tsoa ho lisele tsa meristematic tsa mohloli, tse lekoang bakeng sa ho se be teng ha livaerase, likokoana-hloko le libaktheria tse tšoaetsang litapole ka laboratoring e ngolisitsoeng ka molao e nepahetseng.
Mekhoa, ts'ebetso, khafetsa ea ho lekola boleng ba thepa maemong ohle a tlhahiso ea li-tubers tse nyane li laoloa ka thata.
Ho 'nile ha bokelloa lintlha tse ngata tsa bohlokoa mabapi le ntlafatso ea liprotheine tsa litapole tsa micropropagation. Lipatlisiso sebakeng sena li bonts'a menyetla e mengata ea ho ntlafatsa kholo ea semela le nts'etsopele e ipapisitseng le liphetoho tse teng ho tsepamisitsoeng maikutlo le karolelano ea limatlafatsi. Ho thehiloe hore ts'ebeliso ea balaoli ba kholo moetlong oa meristems ea litapole ha e hlokahale, empa ho eketsoa ha lintho tse itseng, esita le maemong a tlase, ho eketsa le ho potlakisa tlhahiso ea thepa. Ho bohlokoa ho ntlafatsa maemo a ho kenya limela tsa litapole tse nang le micropropagated ka mehloli e fapaneng ea leseli, mekhoa ea mabone le moea oa kamore. Ka ho fihla ha mabone a LED, bokhoni ba bona bo ile ba qala ho ithutoa ka mafolofolo mabapi le micropropagation ea litapole. Mabone a khanya a khubelu le a makhubelu a hole a eketsa litšobotsi tsa kholo; leha ho le joalo, motsoako oa 'mala o mofubelu + o moputsoa + hole o mofubelu / o mosoeu o na le phello e ntle ho thehoa ha tuber le ho bokella metabolite ea mantlha.
Mahlale a ho holisa li-tubers tse nyane a arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo: substrate (mefuta e mengata e fapaneng) le e seng substrate (setso sa metsi le aeroponics). Theknoloji ea mantlha ea tlhahiso ea li-tubers tse nyane: ho li-substrates tsa tlhaho (80% ea molumo), hydroponic le aeroponic. Ho fumana li-microtubers ho boetse ho amana le sehlooho sa MC mme e ntse e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso e kholo ea lisebelisoa tsa mohloli. Phapang pakeng tsa li-microtubers le li-minitubers li ka har'a mokhoa oa mahareng (li-microtubers li lengoa feela tlas'a maemo a sterile in vitro le minitubers feela tlas'a maemo a sirelelitsoeng a ex vitro) le boholo ba tuber. Liphetho le liqeto tse fumanoeng litekong tse sebetsang maemong a mangata ha li tsamaellane le maikutlo a theoretical mabapi le menyetla ea ho susumetsa tuberization in vitro culture. Sena se sebetsa ho lijo tse peli, tšebeliso ea balaoli ba kholo, hammoho le maemo a ho hōla le tšebeliso ea maemo a khatello ea kelello. Haeba tlhahisoleseling e fumanehang phatlalatsa mabapi le melaoana ea theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea li-microtubers e lumella, maemong a mangata, ho fumana liphetho tse nyane - hoo e ka bang kapa hanyane ho feta microtuber e le 'ngoe e boima ba 200-400 mg ka semela, joale phetoho ea profeshenale ea thekenoloji mabapi le e itseng. maemo a tlhahiso a eketsa katleho ea ts'ebetso ka linako tse ling. Naheng ea Russia Federation, ho na le tsebo sebakeng sena ka tlhahiso ea bonyane li-microtubers tse tharo tse boima bo fetang 0,5 g ho tloha semela se le seng ka tube e tloaelehileng ea teko.
Bakeng sa temo ea selemo ho pota ea li-microtubers le ntlafatso ea boleng ba tsona, meralo e mengata e fapaneng ea li-bioreactors e hlahisoa khoebong lefatšeng. Litsamaiso tsena tsa semi-automatic li u lumella ho fokotsa ts'ebetso e matla ea matsoho, kahoo eketsa tlhahiso le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso. Li-microtubers tse fumanoang ka li-bioreactors li na le boima bo boholo le bophara bo boholo. Theknoloji ea morao-rao sebakeng sena ke tsoelo-pele ea bo-rasaense ba Majapane le baqapi.
Sistimi e kholo ea tlhahiso ea microtuber e sebelisang mekotla ea setso ea polasetiki e atleha ho hlahisa li-microtuber tse pakeng tsa 100 le 300 ka mokotla o mong, ho latela mefuta. Ho fetola motsoako oa limatlafatsi ho latela maemo a tlase a sucrose, naetrojene, ho eketsa boemo ba potasiamo phosphate bohareng ho entse hore ho khonehe ho eketsa palo eohle le boima ba boima ba li-microtubers. Theknoloji ea Majapane e lumella ho hlahisa li-microtubers tse 250 ka selemo (ka linako tse tharo tsa kotulo) kamoreng ea temo ea 000 m.2. 'me 80% ea li-microtubers tse fumanoang ke theknoloji ena li na le boima bo fetang 1 g, i.e. e loketseng ho lema ka kotloloho tshimong.
Lefatšeng ka bophara, tlhahiso ea li-mini-tubers holim'a li-substrates tsa tlhaho lia rena. Theknoloji ena, le hoja e thehiloe hantle, e ntse e ka ntlafatsoa haholo. Genotype, nako le maemo a temo ea in vitro, boholo ba semela, ho pepesehela limatlafatsi le taolo ea kholo li ama tlhahiso ea li-minitubers haholo. Lilemo le kalafo ea pele ea lipeo nakong ea ho lema, maemo le nako ea ho thatafala, nako ea ho lema le ho hola, sebopeho sa tikoloho ea mobu, mokhoa oa ho lema, boima ba ho beoa ha semela, litekanyetso tsa manyolo le mabone le tsona lia ama. matla a tlhahiso ea mini-tuber.
Lintho tse ngata tsa tlhaho le lisebelisoa li loketse joalo ka mokhoa oa ho holisa li-tubers tsa litapole tse nyane. Karolo e ka sehloohong ea li-greenhouse substrates ke peat ka tloaelo. Metsoako e meng - joalo ka perlite, vermiculite le vermicompost - le eona e tumme haufinyane ka lebaka la ho amohela moea le ho boloka metsi.
Maemong a mangata, ha ho hola li-tubers tse nyane ka moetlo oa substrate, hoa hlokahala ho sebelisa li-macro le li-microfertilizers. Har'a litsebi, theknoloji e sebelisang ho nosetsa nako le nako le ho nosetsa li-substrates tse sa tsoaneng tse nang le limatlafatsi li bitsoa hydroponics. Theknoloji ea Hydroponic bakeng sa ho holisa li-tubers tse nyane tsa litapole li na le mefuta e sebelisang li-substrates tse inert (lehlabathe, makhapetla a sefate, kokonate, joalo-joalo) le setso sa metsi a hloekileng (filimi e nyane ea limatlafatsi).
Litokisetso tsohle tsa khopolo ea phepo ea litapole mabapi le monyetla oa ho laola tuberization le tsona li ka sebelisoa temong ea hydroponic, empa ho na le kutloisiso ea tlhokahalo ea phetoho e kholo ea mahloriso le karo-karolelano ea limatlafatsi bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong le ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng. ea kholo ea limela, ho qala ha tuberization le kholo ea limela. Liqapi tsa tharollo ea limatlafatsi li fanoa likhatisong tse ngata. Ka nako e ts'oanang, palo ea li-tubers tse fumanoang semeleng le sebakeng sa lihlopha li fapana ka makhetlo a 'maloa. Ho ea fihla ho targeted liphetoho ho hlophisoa ha limatlafatsi tharollo e le hore ka tsela e feteletseng ho eketsa palo ea tubers ('me sena ke hantle molemo oa hydroponics) ho na le e nyenyane haholo bulehileng tlhahisoleseding. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ke lingoliloeng tse 'maloa feela tse hatisitsoeng eseng ka litšupiso tsa liqapi tse tsebahalang tsa lilemo tse fetileng, empa ka lisebelisoa tsa mantlha.
Theknoloji ea morao-rao - aeroponic - bakeng sa ho hōla li-tubers tse nyenyane li na le likarolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa. Ho fihlela joale, mehato eohle e latellanang ea ts'ebetsong ea eona e se e sebelitsoe, empa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso li ntse li tsoela pele. Boleng bo ikhethang ba tlhaiso-leseling ea theknoloji ea aeroponics ke hore e bonts'a tataiso ea nts'etsopele ea minituber lefatšeng ka bophara kajeno. Lintlafatso tsena lia sebetsa kapa li ka fetoloa ho latela mahlale a mang bakeng sa ho holisa li-mini-tubers.
Khetho ea theknoloji bakeng sa tlhahiso ea li-mini-tubers bakeng sa maemo a khethehileng e lokela ho ipapisa le tlhahlobo ea matšoao a tlhahiso, boemo ba likotsi, tlhokahalo ea lisebelisoa tsa basebetsi, papiso ea litšenyehelo tsa matsete, litšenyehelo le phaello. Theknoloji ka 'ngoe e na le likhetho tsa ts'ebetsong le liphetoho tse kholo tsa katleho ea tlhahiso ho itšetlehile ka lintlha tse ngata. Mahlale ohle a sebelisa 'me a ipapisitse le thepa ea pele ea semela ho tsoa moetlong o nyopa kapa li-microtubers. Sethala sena se batla se le bokahohleng, se ka nkoa e le se tloaelehileng. Ho thekenoloji ea ho hola li-mini-tubers, o tlameha ho khetha ho tsoa ho mefuta e mengata e fapaneng.
Boholo ba lik'hamphani tse kholo tsa peo hajoale li lema li-tubers tse nyane ka likhalaseng kapa matlong a limela a mobu oa lifilimi ho li-organo-mineral substrates tsa tlhaho tse sebelisang peat haholo. Theknoloji ena e na le litšenyehelo tse tlaase ka ho fetisisa tsa mini-tuber. E le molao, semela se le seng se lengoa ka selemo. Europe, ho nkoa e le ntho e tloaelehileng ho fumana li-tubers tse 4-5 semeleng se le seng. Tšebeliso e fapaneng ea li-microfertilizers, lintho tse sebetsang ka biologically, PRR e lumella ho eketsa ntlha ea ho atisa ho fihlela ho 8-10.
Likhang tse emelang bioreactor ke sterility, chai e ngata ea li-micro-tubers sebakeng sa unit. Mefokolo ea bioreactor ke tlhokahalo ea palo e kholo ea limela, boholo bo bonyenyane ba li-tubers, bothata ba ho butsoa le ho lema ka mechine tšimong.
Melemo ea hydroponics ke manufacturability, monyetla oa sebele oa ho susumetsa tuberization, lisebelisoa tsa indasteri; cons - ntshetsopele e futsanehileng ea metso ea metso, kotsi ea tšoaetso e jalang ka tharollo ea limatlafatsi, ho sebetsa ka thata. Aeroponics e hloka sebaka se eketsehileng le moriti o feletseng bakeng sa tsamaiso ea metso, ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele e ntle le phepelo ea moea, li-tubers tse ngata li ka thehoa ha li bapisoa le hydroponics. Leha ho le joalo, theknoloji ea aeroponic ke eona e hlokang ka ho fetisisa, phepelo ea motlakase ha ea lokela ho sitisoa nako e fetang halofo ea hora.
Tlhahlobo ena e khuts'oane e bonts'a hore nts'etsopele ea leano la lilemo tse tharo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea batho ba phahameng ba litapole ba sebelisang palo e kholo ea li-tubers tse nyane e se e le ntho ea nnete. Keketseho ea li-volumes le ho matlafatsoa ha tlhahiso e finyelloa ka ho fumana palo e kholo ea li-tubers tse nyane sebakeng sa unit ka palo e fokolang ea limela tsa pele. Mobu o koahetsoeng le lisebelisoa tsa mohloli li theko e boima, kahoo ho fumana li-tubers tse 2-3 feela ho tloha semeleng se le seng ke khetho e sa tsitsang, le hoja mefuta e meholo ea li-tubers lefatšeng e ntse e hlahisoa ka tsela ena. Ka theknoloji ea substrate, boemo ba sebele ba tlhahiso bo hakanngoa ho ea ka mekhahlelo e latelang: e tloaelehileng - likotoana tse 100 / m.2, e ntle - likotoana tse 200 / m2; phahameng - 300 likotoana / m2 bakeng sa nako ea ho hōla. Theknoloji ea Hydroponic e na le monyetla oa ho hlahisa 500 mini-tubers, aeroponic - 1000 mini-tubers ka sq. m. ea sebaka sa ho kenya bakeng sa nako ea ho hola. Bakeng sa boitsebiso: litšenyehelo tsa lisebelisoa tsa temo bakeng sa theknoloji ea substrate ka 2021 e ne e le li-ruble tse likete tse 50. ka mitha ea lisekoere, bakeng sa hydroponic - li-ruble tse likete tse 100, bakeng sa aeroponic - li-ruble tse likete tse 150.
Bothata bo boholo ba ho holisa li-tubers tse nyane ka matlung ke ho fihlela motsoako oa nts'etsopele ea limela e sebetsang le sebopeho se matla sa tuber. Hoa khoneha ho eketsa matla a tuberization ka ho ntlafatsa microclimate (mocheso, mongobo, photoperiod), ho ntlafatsa phepo ea liminerale; tšebeliso ea li-stimulants tsa tuberization, lithibelo tsa kholo ea limela. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho fumana li-tubers tse nyane ka bongata ke mosebetsi o rarahaneng oa mokhatlo le oa theknoloji. Li-nuances tsa temo e matla ea li-tubers e bile tlhahisoleseling ea khoebo ka lilemo tse fetang 20. Ha ho na melao ea profeshenale sebakeng sa sechaba, ena ke tsebo ea khoebo ka 'ngoe.
Karolong ea bobeli ea 2022, buka ea "Mini Potato Tubers" e tla hatisoa, e hlahisa le ho hlahloba lintlha tse fumanehang tsa saense le tsa khoebo ka taba ena, 'me e hatelle mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho eketsa matla a tlhahiso ea mini-tuber. Boitsebiso bo bongata bo feta maqephe a 400. Buka ena e tla fumaneha feela ka peeletso. Romela likopo ho: s.banadysev@dokagene.ru