Leha ho bile le khatelo-pele e kholo boithutong ba litapole tsa morao-rao le ts'ebetsong ea mehato ea taolo e thehiloeng tsebong ea phytopathogen, lefu lena le ntse le baka tšenyo e kholo ka lebaka la tahlehelo ea lijalo le litšenyehelo tsa kalafo ea lik'hemik'hale ka lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea limela.
Lefu lena le bakoa ke oomycete Li-infestans tsa Phytophthora, e amang makhasi, letlobo le li-tubers.
Li-tubers tse kenang polokelong esita le ka tšoaetso e fokolang hangata li lebisa tahlehelong e kholo ea lihlahisoa. Moemeli oa causative oa blight oa morao o ntse o sebetsa esita le mocheso oa + 3 ° C. Tsoelo-pele ea phytopathogen holim'a li-tubers e nolofalletsa ho kenella ha libaktheria tse nkang monyetla ka letlalo, ho baka ho bola ha bonolo.
Matšoao a lefu la morao-rao makhasi a hlaha e le matheba a bōpehileng ka tsela e sa tloaelehang, a ntseng a eketseha butle-butle ka boholo ha lefu lena le ntse le tsoela pele. Moeli o motala o khanyang o hlaha lehlakoreng le ka holimo la makhasi haufi le matheba a matheba. Ka tlas'a matheba a matheba a leholimo a mongobo, ho hlaha sporulation ea phytopathogen e tšoeu. Ka holim'a li-tubers, lefu lena le hlaha ka mokhoa oa matheba a sootho. Ho bola ho bosootho bo lefifi ho hlaha ka har'a li-tubers, tse haufi le bokaholimo, empa butle-butle li kenella bohareng ba li-tubers. Tsela e ka sehloohong ea ho ata ha phytopathogen ke ka li-zoosporangia tse tsamaisoang ke moea tse tsoang masimong a tšoaelitsoeng, 'limela tsa tapole tsa boithaopo' le limela tse lenngoeng qubung ea li-tubers tse lahliloeng haufi le masimo. Limela tse hōlileng ho tloha ho li-tubers tse lahliloeng, tse kang "baithaopi", e ka boela ea e-ba libaka tsa polokelo ea mafu a kokoana-hloko a fetisoang ke hoaba; mafu a mang (rhizoctoniosis, anthracnose, powdery scab) le tse senyang lijalo (li-nematode tse phelang mahala, litapole tsa cyst nematodes, hoaba). Ho feta moo, li-oospores li ka theha ho tsona, tse ka thatafatsang ntoa khahlanong le blight ea morao-rao ka lebaka la kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho hanyetsa ka palo e eketsehileng ea phekolo ea fungicide.
Libakeng tse ka boroa, ho thibela ho mela ha litapole tse koetsoeng, liqubu li tlameha ho phekoloa ka potlako ka diquat kapa glyphosate (haeba limela li hlaha, phekolo e tlameha ho phetoa). Mokhoa o atlehang haholo oa ho loantša limela tse joalo ke ho koahela li-tubers tse lahliloeng ka filimi e ntšo. Haufi le qubu ea qubu, filimi e tlameha ho sireletsoa hantle e le hore zoosporangia ea phytopathogen e se ke ea fofa, 'me liphoofolo li ke ke tsa kenella ka tlas'a filimi le ho e tabola. Haeba qubu e koahetsoe ka filimi pele ho nako, phekolo ea glyphosate e ka 'na ea se ke ea hlokahala. Ho bohlokoa haholo hore li-tubers tse bontsoeng li behoe hole le tšimo ea litapole le mehloli ea metsi a nosetso.
E tloaelehileng haholo bakeng sa Li-infestans tsa Phytophthora ke tlhahiso ea asexual, moo zoosporangia e ka melang ka kotloloho e le hyphae kapa e lokolla li-zoospores tse nang le flagella, tse kenang semeleng ka filimi ea metsi. Li-oospores li ka phela nako e telele mobung. Ka mohlala, ho latela litsebi tsa Madache ( koranta ea Plant Pathology, 2000), li-oospores li ka boloka matla a tsona a ho tšoaetsa litapole mobung oa lehlabathe ka likhoeli tse 48, le mobung oa letsopa ka likhoeli tse 34 ha li tletse likhohola. Ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea li-oospores e thehiloe ka mefuta ea litapole e nang le boemo bo tlaase ba ho hanyetsa merabe e itseng. Ho latela data e tsoang ho database ea Europe Molemo ka ho fetisisa4Soil (2020), ho fokotsa tšoaetso ea mobu Li-infestans tsa Phytophthora (oospores), litapole cyst nematodes, rhizoctonia le tse ling tse senyang lijalo, ho khothalletsoa ho khutlisetsa litapole tšimong ka mor'a lilemo tse hlano.
Ho fihlela haufinyane tjena, leano la ts'ireletso ea litapole le ne le ipapisitse le ts'ebeliso ea liphekolo tse ngata tse nang le lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea limela. Empa morao tjena, karolo e 'ngoe ka lebaka la ho hlaha ha li-genotypes tse ncha tse hanyetsanang Phytophthora masea (linaheng tse 'maloa tsa Europe, genotype EU_43_A1, e hanyetsanang le mandipropamide ka litekanyetso tsa 100 ppm), tšireletso e kopanetsoeng ea litapole e se e sebelisoa haholo.
Mekhoa ea mantlha ea ts'ireletso e kopaneng ea litapole khahlano le blight ea morao-rao:
- Ho hola mefuta ea litapole e nang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho hanyetsa.
- Ho senngoa ha mehloli ea mantlha ea tšoaetso (limela tsa "boithaopi", liqubu tsa li-tubers tse lahliloeng, li-tubers tsa peo tse nang le tšoaetso le limela tsa litapole tse amehileng).
- Ho sebelisa litsamaiso tsa qeto ea kalafo ea fungicide e thehiloeng ho kotsi ea lefu la morao-rao, ho hanyetsa mefuta e fapaneng le maemo a leholimo ho rera palo e nepahetseng ea liphekolo tsa ts'ireletso ea limela e le karolo ea leano la ho hanyetsa. Lenaneo la Serussia le thehiloe motheong oa All-Russian Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF) VNIIFBlight. FGBNU VNIIF e na le tokelo ea molao RU 2019663121 (2019) bakeng sa lenaneo la k'homphieutha "Express forecast - late blight" bakeng sa ho fumana ponelopele ea inthanete ea nts'etsopele ea lefu la morao-rao naheng ea Russia. Hajoale Russia ho na le mokhoa oa ho etsa liqeto (DMS) oa ho phekola fungicide khahlanong le blight ea morao le Alternaria "Agrodozor". Linaha tse ling tse ngata le tsona li thehile mananeo a ho amohela ponelopele ea likotsi tsa morao-rao. Ka mohlala, UK ho na le sethala sa marang-rang sa blight ea morao-rao Hutton BlightSpy. Sethala se hlokomeloa ke James Hutton Limited, data ea boemo ba leholimo e fanoa ke Setsi sa Met mme e koahetsoe ke License ea Machaba ea Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Libakeng tse 'maloa, lisebelisoa / lipolanete li entsoe e le karolo ea mosebetsi oa lipatlisiso oa litsebi mabapi le ho lekola sebopeho sa baahi le boemo ba ho hanyetsa lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea limela (mohlala, Europe - Euroblight, Chaena - ChinaBlight), tlhahisoleseding e tsoang ho eona e lumellang litsebi ho sebelisa litharollo tsa ts'ireletso ea limela ho nahanela sebopeho sa baahi ba pathogen sebakeng seo le boemo ba eona ba ho hanyetsa li-fungicides. Sethaleng sa European consortium ea litsebi le mekhatlo ea ho ithuta ka litapole morao blight Euroblight litafole li bolokoa ka liphetho tsa liteko tsa lintho tse sebetsang ho loants'a blight ea morao-rao likarolong tse fapaneng tsa semela le Alternaria.
- Ho senngoa ha li-tubers tse anngoeng ke sekoaelo morao-rao tse bolokiloeng molemong oa ho fokotsa tahlehelo le ho fokotsa palo ea tšoaetso ea peo selemong se tlang.
Maria Erokhova, mofuputsi, FGBNU VNIIF
e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com