Ho latela thuto ea polokeho ea lijo, sesupo (sesupo) sa tlhahiso ea litapole naheng ea Russia ha sea lokela ho theohela tlase ho 95% ea boemo ba ho itšepa.
Ha ho nahanoa ka tlhoko e leka-lekaneng le sebopeho se teng sa ts'ebeliso ea litapole ka har'a naha, ho kenyeletsoa tšebeliso ea motho ka mong (ho latela maemo a phepo e nepahetseng), tšebeliso ea lipeo, hammoho le ts'ebeliso ea karolo ea sejalo bakeng sa ho e lokisa le furu bakeng sa mehlape, ho boloka boemo bo hlokahalang ba phepelo, Russia selemo le selemo e lokela ho fumana bonyane limilione tse 26 lithane tsa litapole.
Ho ipapisitsoe le likhakanyo le lipalo tsa nako e mahareng, ho fihlela tlhoko ea naha ea litapole, ho hlokahala hore ho netefatsoe: ts'ebeliso ea lijo maemong a lithane tse limilione tse 14, bakeng sa lipeo - tse ka bang limilione tse 4, bakeng sa lijo - lithane tse limilione tse 5, bakeng sa ho sebetsana - lithane tse milione tse le 'ngoe ( Tafole 1).
Re ka lebella phokotso ea 'nete ea tahlehelo nakong ea polokelo ho isa ho lithane tse limilione tse 1,5, tse lokelang ho tsamaisoa haholo ke ho kenya ts'ebetso ea bocha le ho aha bocha li-storages tsa litapole, ho ba hlomella ka litsamaiso tsa sejoale-joale bakeng sa ho boloka maemo a nepahetseng a polokelo.
Ka kakaretso ea litapole tse jeoang, karolo e boletsoeng esale pele ea thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ha ea lokela ho feta 1,5% (e ka bang lithane tse likete tse 400). Tsena ke litapole "tsa banyane" tsa pele, tseo tlhokeho ea tsona hangata e eketsehang ka Mmesa-Mots'eanong (nakong ea nako e kantle ho nako, ha metšoasong ea kotulo ea selemong se fetileng e se e felile, mme ho setse bonyane likhoeli tse peli pele ho qala liphepelo khoebong ea litapole tsa khoebo tsa kotulo e ncha. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, linaha tse kang Egypt, Israel, China, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, jj joalo-joalo hangata li ntse li tlala. eo hape e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho eketsa molumo oa thepa e romelloang kantle ho naha ea litapole tsa lijo le peo.
Ho ka etsahala hore palo ea thomello ea litapole tsa Russia kantle ho naha e tla eketseha, haholoholo linaheng tsa EU ea European Union. Sena se lokela ho tsamaisoa ke mehato ea ho eketsa palo ea makoloi a sehatsetsi a futhumetseng le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa phumants'o ea likoloi tse ikhethileng sehleng se kantle.
Ho latela Federal State Statistics Service, sebaka se ka tlasa litapole mapolasing a mekhahlelo eohle selemong sa 2017 se ile sa fihla ho lihekthere tse 2205 tse likete, ho kenyeletsoa le sehlopheng sa mekhatlo ea temo (AHO) - lihekthere tse 171 tse likete, mapolasi a balemi (PFH) le bo-rakhoebo ka bomong (IE) - lihekthere tse likete tse 129 le malapeng - lihekthara tse likete tse 1606 (Letlapa la 2).
Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho ipapisitsoe le liphetho tsa pele tsa palo ea batho ea temo ea 2016, re ka bua ka ho khetholla liphapang tse kholo lipakeng tsa lits'oants'o tsa lipalo-palo tsa semmuso le data ea nnete. Nakong ea lilemo tse 10, malapa a bone phokotso e matla sebakeng se abetsoeng litapole tse holang. Kahoo, ka 2017, sebaka sohle se ka tlasa litapole metseng ea lapeng e ne e le lihekthere tse likete tse 971,1. Tlhahiso-leseling ena, ehlile, e hloka tlhakiso e qaqileng haholoanyane, le nakong e tlang, ho etsa liphetoho tse nepahetseng litlalehong.
Kotulo e felletseng ea litapole mapolasing a mekhahlelo eohle ka 2017 ho latela lipalo-palo tsa semmuso, e ne e le lithane tse limilione tse 29,6, ho kenyeletsoa lithane tse limilione tse 6,8 mekhatlong ea temo le mapolasing a balemi. Tlhahlobo ea rona e bonts'itse hore nakong ea lilemo tse 10, karolo ea malapa tlhahiso ea litapole e theohile ho tloha ho 89% ho ea ho 76%, ha karolo ea likhoebo tsa temo e eketsehile ho tloha ho 7 ho isa ho 14%, malapa a balemi (lihoai) le bo-rakhoebo ka bomong - ho tloha ho 4 ho isa ho 10,5 % (setšoantšo sa 1).
Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, lilemong tse latelang, motho a ka lebella ho fokotseha ho eketsehileng ha karolo ea malapa ka kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea litapole ho isa boemong ba lithane tse limilione tse 16-18 (ka 2016 e ne e le lithane tse limilione tse 24,2, ka 2017 - lithane tse limilione tse 22,8). mme tšusumetso ea bona 'marakeng oa litapole tsa khoebo e tla tsoelapele ho theoha. Keketseho e ka bang teng ea tlhahiso e felletseng ea litapole tsa khoebo likhoebong tsa temo, mapolasi a balemi le bo-rakhoebo ka bomong ho isa boemong ba lithane tse limilione tse 7-8 li ka fihlelleha ka lebaka la keketseho ea chai le karolo e itseng ka lebaka la katoloso ea sebaka seo ho lihekthere tse 305-310 tse sekete.
Lipontšo tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa chai e tloaelehileng ea litapole haufinyane likhoebong tsa temo tse sebelisang theknoloji ea sejoale-joale li ka tsitsa boemong ba 25-26 t / ha (ka 2017 - 25,8 t / ha). Lipolasing tsa balemi, boemo ba lihlahisoa bo kanna ba lula kahare ho 20-22 t / ha (ka 2017 e ne e le 20,6 t / ha), e bakoang haholo ke thepa ea morao-rao le botekgeniki ba mapolasi a mangata ha a bapisoa le likhoebo tsa temo, hammoho le tsohle phihlello e thata le ho feta bakeng sa lihoai ho hira lisebelisoa, mekoloto ea banka, lithuso bakeng sa manyolo, mafura le lisebelisoa tse ling.
Ho ka lebelloa hore ka 2018. sebaka sohle se ka tlasa litapole mapolasing a mekhahlelo eohle se tla ba haufi le matšoao a selemo se fetileng mme se tla ba bonyane lihekthere tse limilione tse 1,27, ho kenyeletsoa le mekhatlong ea temo le mapolasing a balemi boemong ba lihekthere tse likete tse 300 le malapeng - lihekthere tse likete tse 970. Ho phethahala ha lits'oants'o tsena ho hlokahala haholo ho thibela ho theoha ho ka bang teng ha tlhahiso, e ka kenyelletsang keketseho ea karolo ea thepa e kenang kantle ho balanse ea litapole tse rekisoang.
Maemong a sejoale-joale, nts'etsopele e kholo ea tlhahiso ea litapole e kholo e ke ke ea khonahala ntle le sistimi e thehiloeng hantle ea ho fana ka mekhatlo ea temo ea litapole, likhoebo tsa balemi (lihoai) le bo-rakhoebo ka bomong ka peo ea boleng bo holimo ea mefuta e phahameng ea lihlopha tsa maemo a holimo le lihlahisoa tse phahameng. Mabapi le sena, keketseho ea bongata ba tlhahiso le ntlafatso e kholo boleng ba litapole tsa peo ea mantlha le tse phahameng ke tse ling tsa lintho tse tlang pele bophelong ba ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng le e nang le phaello indastering ea litapole.
Ho latela liphetho tsa ho lekola tsa Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr", palo ea litapole tsa peo tse jetsoeng mapolasing a mekhahlelo eohle ka 2017 e ne e le lithane tse likete tse 3613 (ka 2016 - 3803,4 lithane tse likete), ho kenyeletsoa 743 e lenngoeng mekhatlong ea temo le mapolasing a balemi. lithane tse likete, malapeng - 2870 lithane tse likete Liphetho tsa ho lekola boleng ba litapole tsa peo bakeng sa ho latela litlhoko tsa maemo (ho latela Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr") li bonts'itsoe ho Tafole 3.
Lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore karolo e phahameng ea litapole tsa peo tse sa fihlelleng litlhokahalo tsa litekanyetso li lengoa selemo le selemo mekhatlong ea temo le malapeng a balemi (lihoai).
Ts'ebeliso ea mefuta e fumanehang ea litapole ha e so sebetse hantle. Ka 2017, mefuta e 428 ea litapole e ile ea hlahisoa ho Rejista ea Naha ea Katleho e Lumelloang bakeng sa Ts'ebeliso, eo mefuta e 221 (52%) e entsoeng ke bahlahisi ba malapeng. Ka nako e ts'oanang, karolo ea mefuta e fapaneng ea baetsi ba malapeng ka palo eohle ea lipeo tse lenngoeng e ne e le 17,3% feela. Baetapele ho latela lipalo tsa litapole tsa peo e ne e le mefuta e joalo ka Gala (19,6%), Red Scarlett (13,8%), Nevsky (5,6%), Lady Claire (5,3%), Rosara (4,5%) Lehlohonolo (4,1%), Zekura (2,3%), Veneta (2%). Mefuteng e 10 e etelletseng pele, e robeli ke ea batho ba tsoang kantle ho naha mme ba babeli feela ke ba mofuta oa Russia.
Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, ho latela liphetho tsa tlhahlobo e ts'oanang, mefuta e mene ea lapeng e kene ho baetapele ba bahlano ba holimo: Nevsky, Udacha, Lugovskoy, Elizaveta le motho a le mong feela osele - Romano. Karolo e phahameng ea ba qalileng kantle ho naha 'marakeng oa litapole tsa peo e na le mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa ho nyoloha, o bakang tšokelo ea' nete ea ho fallisoa ha mefuta e meng ea Russia ho tloha tlhahiso.
Ho fihlela hajoale, le leng la mabaka a mantlha a tlhahiso ea litapole libakeng tse ngata ke ts'oaetso e phahameng ea lisebelisoa tsa peo tse nang le likokoana-hloko tse tšoaetsanoang. Bothata bona bo tloaelehile likhoebong tse ngata tsa temo, mapolasing a balemi mme haholo bakeng sa malapa, moo lihlahisoa tse sa feleng tsa litapole li sebelisoang haholo bakeng sa ho lema, tse amehang haholo ke tšoaetso ea baktheria, fungal, vaerase.
Litšobotsi tsa likokoana-hloko tsa litapole joalo ka sejalo se jetsoeng ka limela li kenya letsoho ho bokelleng ka potlako ha tšoaetso nakong ea peo. Boemo bo mpefatsoa ke taba ea hore balemi ba litapole ba bangata ha ba hlokomele karohano ea sebaka sa ho jala peo, ho potoloha ha lijalo, 'me ha se kamehla ba nkang mehato ea ts'ireletso ka nepo le ka nako.
Ho senyeha ha maemo karo-karolelong ea molumo oa litapole tsa peo ea mefuta ea Russia le kantle ho naha ho bakoa haholo ke hore boemo ba mahlale a tlhahiso ea peo ea lapeng le lisebelisoa tsa tekheniki tsa litsi tse ngata tse qalileng tsa mefuta ea Russia ha li tšoane le boemo ba litsi le likhamphani tsa tlhahiso ea peo ea Europe Bophirima. Mabapi le sena, ho amoheloa ha mehato e sebetsang ea ho ntlafatsa lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea litapole le tlhahiso ea peo le ho theha litsi tsa sejoale-joale tsa ho ikatisa ha peo e ba o mong oa mesebetsi e potlakileng ho feta nts'etsopele ea litapole tse holang Russia.
Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho kengoa tšebetsong ha merero ea matsete e reretsoeng ho theha le (kapa) ho ntlafatsa meaho ea temo ka hara moralo oa Lenaneo la Saense le Botegeniki bakeng sa Nts'etsopele ea Temo bakeng sa 2017-2025 e tla ba bohlokoa haholo.
Boemo lebaleng la ts'ehetso ea mahlale bakeng sa indasteri ea kholo ea litapole le eona e hloka ntlafatso e kholo. Taba ea mantlha e lokela ho ba ts'ebeliso e pharalletseng ea mahlale a morao-rao bakeng sa tlhahiso le tlhahiso ea peo, ho eketsa tlholisano ea mefuta e mengata ea ho ruisa malapeng le ho khothaletsa eona ho potlakisa tlhahiso.
Sena, le sona, se hloka keketseho e kholo maemong a mahlale le mekhoa le keketseho ea bophahamo ba mosebetsi o etsoang motheong oa litsi tsa mahlale libakeng tse bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa lipatlisiso tsa mantlha le tsa lipatlisiso tse sebelisitsoeng, ho kenyeletsoa:
- ho thehwa ha mefuta e mecha ea litapole e tšepisang e nang le litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa moruong tse ipapisitseng le mekhoa ea setso ea ho ikatisa le mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea ho ikatisa.
- ho theoa le ho holisoa ha setsi sa matšoao a DNA, ho batlisisa le ho nts'etsapele matšoao a macha a DNA a hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e matla le e atlehileng ea khetho e shebaneng le matšoao;
- nts'etsopele ea mahlale a morao-rao a ho hlophisa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa litapole ho fumana li-genotypes tse nang le litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa moruong bakeng sa boithuto bo latelang ba ho ikatisa;
- paballo, tlhokomelo, nts'etsopele ea likoleke tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso; ho theoa ha likoleke tse sebetsang bakeng sa khetho ea mefuta e mecha ea lapeng ea ts'ebeliso e fapaneng e reretsoeng le ho theoa motheong ona oa litsi tsa ts'ebeliso e kopanetsoeng ea batsoalisi;
- nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea ho fumana mafu a likokoana-hloko le ho theha litsamaiso tse thata tsa liteko tse ipapisitseng le mahlale a PCR, enzyme immunoassay le tlhahlobo ea immunochromatographic ho khetholla livaerase le libaktheria tse tšoaetsang litapole;
- Ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea theknoloji le theknoloji ea meristem-tissue bakeng sa ho fumana le ho kopanya micropropagation in vitro of material; pōpo motheong ona oa letlole la tlholisano la litapole tsa peo ea mantlha ea mefuta e mecha e ts'episang;
- nts'etsopele ea mahlale a morao-rao a ho lema, ho kotula, ho boloka le ho sireletsa litapole ho tsoa ho likokoana-hloko le khatello ea maikutlo.
Monyetla o moholo oa kholo ea 'nete ea tlhahiso ea litapole o ka sebelisoa sehlopheng sa malapa a balemi (lihoai) le bo-rakhoebo ka bomong. Ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea litapole lekaleng lena, ho bohlokoa haholo ho theha tšebelisano-mmoho ea lihoai tlhahiso le phetiso ea litapole tsa lijo le peo (Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling, bona koranta ea "Sisteme ea Litapole" No. 4, 2017).
Ka kakaretso, nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea kholo ea litapole le keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea eona mapolasing a mekhahlelo eohle ho tla latela hore na ts'ebetsong ea mehato ea mantlha e netefalitsoe joang, ho kenyeletsoa:
- keketseho ea sebaka sa ho lema litapole lekaleng la khoebo (mapolasi a temo le a balemi) ho fihla ho lihekthere tse 305-310 tse likete, tseo ka chai ea 25-26 t / ha, e tla netefatsa kotulo e tsitsitseng ea litapole khoebong ena ea mapolasi boemong ba bonyane 7-8 lithane tse limilione;
- keketseho ea karolelano ea lihlahisoa tsa litapole sehlopheng sa malapa ho isa ho 17-18 t / ha, eo, le ha e ntse e fokotseha khafetsa libakeng tsa sehlopha sena sa mapolasi, e tla fana ka kotulo e kholo ea bonyane lithane tse limilione tse 17-18 molemong oa ho koahela tlhoko ea 'nete, ho nahanoa ka moetlo o tiisitsoeng oa ho ikhotsofatsa litapole likarolo tsa baahi ba naha;
- ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa mefuta-futa, haholo-holo katleho e ntle ka ho fetisisa ea malapeng le ho theha maemo a keketseho e potlakileng ea lihlahisoa tsa tlhahiso le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba litapole tsa peo, hammoho le ho khothaletsa le ho tlisa mebarakeng mefuta e mecha e ts'episang ea ho ikatisa ha malapeng;
- ho tseba le ho khomarela ka tieo merero ea sejoale-joale ea mahlale le melaoana e thehiloeng holima mahlale bakeng sa tlhahiso ea litapole tsa peo ea mantlha, tsa maemo a holimo le tse ikatisang;
- ho eketsa boemo ba thekiso ea litapole ka ts'ebeliso ea thepa ea boleng bo holimo ea peo ea lapeng, lihlahisoa tse sebetsang tsa ts'ireletso ea limela le kenyelletso ea mahlale a macha a temo;
- nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea ts'ebetso ea litapole le tšusumetso ea ho kenya tšebetsong merero e atlehileng ea ho tsetela bakeng sa ho theha likhoebo tsa sejoale-joale tsa theknoloji e phahameng ka tlhahiso ea mefuta e mengata ea lihlahisoa tsa litapole (li-fries tsa French, li-chips, litapole tse omisitsoeng tse hahiloeng, jj.);
- nts'etsopele ea meralo ea motheo ea mmaraka oa litapole le lihlahisoa tsa litapole, ho theoa ha litsi tsa thepa ea tikoloho le ea libaka bakeng sa thekiso ea lijo le peo ea litapole le lihlahisoa tsa litapole;
- ho eketsa thahasello ea libanka ho tsetela lefapheng la temo, ho kenyelletsa le tlhahiso le ts'ebetso ea litapole.
Ho kenya tšebetsong ka katleho mehato ea mantlha e boletsoeng kaholimo le liqeto tsa mantlha tsa mantlha haufinyane ho tla kenya letsoho ntlafatsong ea indasteri, ho netefatsa tlhahiso e tsitsitseng ea litapole, ho fokotsa ts'epahalo ea kantle ho naha, ho theha sistimi ea sejoale-joale ea ho khothaletsa litapole le lihlahisoa tsa litapole tsa tlhahiso e netefalitsoeng ea lapeng 'marakeng.