Maria Erokhova, mofuputsi e monyenyane All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
Maria Kuznetsova, Hlooho ea Lefapha la Litapole le Mafu a Meroho ea All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Nkgetheng wa Biological Sciences
Maemong a ho matlafala ha temo le khoebo ea machaba ka har'a moralo oa WTO, stem nematodes ea genus Ditylenchus (D. mosenyi, D. dipsacci) li tsejoa e le tse ling tsa likokoanyana tse kotsi ka ho fetisisa lijalong. Linaheng tse ngata D. mosenyi и D. dipsacci ba amohetse boemo ba likokoanyana tse laoloang: naheng ea Russia le EU, ba na le boemo ba likokoanyana tse laoloang tse sa behelletsoeng ka thoko (RNQPs) ho litapole tsa peo [19, 18]. Ho latela melao ea machaba, boteng ba boemo ba RNQP bo lumella litekanyetso tsa maemo a fapaneng ho theha mamello (meeli e kaholimo ho moo ho sa lumelloe ho ba teng ha sesenyi se fanoeng ka bongata ba litapole tsa peo). Ka mohlala, ho ea ka litlhoko tsa maemo a naha bakeng sa Scotland, ho se be le mamello ea litaba tsa zero D. mosenyi ka mekhahlelo eohle ea litapole tsa pele le tsa mantlha ka mokhoa o lekanang le tse ngata tse senyang lijalo [11] ka lebaka la hore sebaka sena se na le boemo ba Setereke sa Mophato o Phahameng bakeng sa ho lema le ho rekisa litapole tsa peo ea pele le tsa mantlha ebile lia sebetsa. ho latela maemo a thata ho feta a boletsoeng ke EU.
Sekala sa kabo ea li-nematode tsa phytopathogenic tsa mofuta Ditylenchus linaheng tse nang le maemo a fapaneng a nts'etsopele ea litapole tse ntseng li hola, ehlile, lia fapana. Linaheng tse ling, li-stem nematodes li hlaha ka palo e nyenyane, ho tse ling, karolo e 'ngoe ka lebaka la monoculture, tšebeliso ea peo e silafetseng le lisebelisoa tsa ho lema, ke bothata bo tebileng. Kahoo, ho latela lintlha tsa EPPO Global Database tse fumanoeng likhatisong tsa saense tsa bangoli ba Soviet [15, 21, 12, 22, 23, 16] le Setsi sa Machaba sa Saense ea Temo le Likokoana-hloko ea Linaha tsa Litho tsa British Commonwealth ( CABI), matsatsing a USSR sebakeng sa Federation ea Russia D. mosenyi e ne e e-na le boemo ba likokoanyana tse atileng [18]. Mme ho fihlela joale, boemo ha bo so fetohe [7]. UK, ho latela NPPO, boemo D. motimetsi - "hona joale, ka bongata bo fokolang (lintlha tse fokolang)" [5]. Mabapi le D. dipsacci, joale ho ea ka boitsebiso bo tsoang mehloling e tšoanang, e etsahala Russia, empa ho na le boitsebiso bo fokolang ka eona, UK, ho fapana le hoo, e fumaneha hohle [18].
Ho latela EPPO Global Database D. motimetsi ke polyphage e pharaletseng: semela se seholo sa moamoheli ke litapole (Solanum tuberosum)ho feta moo, likokoanyana li baka tšenyo e kholo ho konofolo (Allium sativum), beetroot (beta vulgaris), peo ea rantipole (daucus carota tlatsetsa. sativus), codonopsis e moriri o monyane (Codonopsis pilosula), crocus (Crocus), dahlia (Dahlialefu la gladiolus (gladiolus)hyacinth (Hyacinthus, Dutch iris (Iris × hollandica), peacock tigridia (Tigridia pavonia), clover (trifolium), tulip (Tulipa [leshome le metso e robeli]. Ho ea ka CABI, mefuta e mengata ea limela tse ammeng D. motimetsi le ho feta: onion (Allium cepa), peanut e ka tlas'a lefatše (Arachis hypogaea), tsoekere ea beet (beta vulgaris ho na le. saccharifera), tee (Camellia sinensis), pepere e monate (Capsicum selemo), serapa sa chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), lehapu le tloaelehileng (Citrullis lanatus), Namunu (Literase tsa senoko), lehapu (cucumis melo), likomkomere tse tloaelehileng (cucumis sativus), linate tsa mokopu (Cucurbita moschata), serapa sa fragola (Fragaria ka phaenapole), soya (Glycina max), common hop (humulus lupulus), litapole (Litapole tsa Ipomoea), koena (koena), ginseng (Panax ginsengginseng pentaphyllum ()Panax quinquefolius), tamati (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), koro e bonolo (Koro ea lehlabula), morara o lengoang (Vitis vinifera), poone (Ee mays)[leshome le metso e mene]. Ho feta moo, D. motimetsi e tšoaetsa mofoka: gauze e tšoeu (Letlapa la Chenopodium), potoloho e felletseng (Cyperus rotundu), dope tloaelehileng (Datura stramonium), joang bo khantsi (Eleusine indica), sofa joang (Elymus oa lumela), mosi oa moriana (fumaria officinalis), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), hlabahlabane (Sonchus arvensis), marigolds tse nyane (Motsotso oa Tagetes)dandelion officinalis (Taraxacum officinale), cocklebur e tloaelehileng (Xanthium strumarium) [14]. Hoa hlokomeleha hore mefuta e mengata ea limela e ka atolosoa ha boitsebiso bo eketsehileng bo fumaneha [18].
Ho latela EPPO Global Database, palo ea limela tse amohelang bakeng saD. dipsaci e boetse e kholo haholo [18]. Ka lebaka lena, ho potoloha ha meroho ho kanna ha se sebetse ho fokotsa bongata ba li-nematode.
E ipapisitse le lithuto tsa morphological, biochemical, molecular le tse ling D. dipsaci sl arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'maloa [6]: bohlokoa moruong ba D. dipsaci sensu stricto и D. gigas n. sp. (ea morao-rao e fumaneha ho li-bobs tse tloaelehileng (vicia linaoa) linaheng tse ngata tsa Europe) [17]. Hoa hlokomeloa hore tabeng ea boteng ba merabe e khethehileng haholo D. dipsaci phetoho ea lijalo ea lilemo tse tharo le lijalo tse hananang le tsona li ka fokotsa palo ea tsona, ha feela mehato e nakong e ka nkuoang ho loants'a lehola leo e leng limela tse ling tse amohelang batho [10].
Li-nematode tsa semela tsa mofuta Ditylenchus ke likokoana-hloko tse kotsi bakeng sa limela, tse fetisoang ka li-tubers tsa peo le bulbs ea lijalo tsa temo [14]. Mohloli oa tšoaetso ke mobu o silafetseng, lijana tsa lepolanka le thepa ea ho paka [14]. Bakeng sa sebaka se khuts'oane, likokoanyana li ka nama hammoho le metsi a nosetso kapa marotholi a pula a tsamaisoang ke moea ho ea masimong a haufi a nang le tšoaetso [14].
Stem nematodes ke li-endoparasite tse phelang ka har'a lisele tsa semela (metso, li-tubers, rhizomes, bulbs) [10, 14]. Ka bobeli banna le basali ba senya marako a lisele nakong ea ho fepa [10]. Ho ea ka bo-rasaense ba Brithani, tsoalo D. dipsacci e ka fihla mahe a 500 e tšehali ka 'ngoe [10]. The stem nematode e ka tsoela pele e le li-larvae tsa bone ka lilemo tse 'maloa [10]. Batho ba baholo le mahe ba khona ho overwinter mobung kapa ka lisele tsa mofoka [14]. Nakong ea selemo, li-larvae li qhotsoa maheng, 'me hang-hang li bokella limela tse loketseng, tse senyang likokoanyana li phunyeletsa li-tubers tsa litapole ka lentile. Hoa hlokomeleha hore nematode e ka fepa mycelium ea li-fungus tse ngata, ho kenyeletsa Alternari a chenchana и A. solani [leshome le metso e mene]. Li-larvae tsa linaleli tsa bone D. dipsacci (Ho fapana D. mosenyi) ho phela maemong a mabe ho theha lihlopha holim'a lisele tse nang le tšoaetso (tse bitsoang "nematode wool") [10]. Li-nematode li sebetsa hape ka mor'a hore "boea" bo kolobe [10]. Mobung o mongobo, li ka tsoelapele ho ba sieo ha limela tse amohelang nako e fetang selemo [10].
Matšoao a tšenyo ea likokoanyana a fapane haholo.
Joalo ka molao, ho ke ke ha khoneha ho tseba hore semela se angoa ke nematode e tsoang likarolong tsa moea tsa litapole (ntle le taba ea hore limela tse fokolang li entsoe ka li-tubers tse anngoeng haholo, tse ka 'nang tsa shoa) [14]. Tlhaselo ea pele ea nematode e ka bonoa ka ho tlosa letlalo ho tuber, moo ho leng bonolo ho bona matheba a masoeu nameng e phetseng hantle. Hamorao, matheba ana a eketseha, a fifala, 'me lesela le fumana sebopeho se hlephileng [14]. Haeba li-tubers li bolokiloe maemong a mongobo, lia bola 'me tšoaetso ea nematode e fetisetsoa ho li-tubers tse ling.
Ho li-tubers tse anngoeng haholo, libaka tse tepeletseng maikutlo hanyane li thehoa, moo mapetsong a hlahang, 'me lekhapetla le sosobane, le haufi haholo le makhasi [14]. Nama e fetoha e omeletseng, e fetoha ka 'mala: ho tloha bohlooho ho ea ho lefifi le lefifi kapa esita le letsho. Phetoho ea 'mala e bakoa haholo ke likokoana-hloko tsa bobeli (li-fungus, libaktheria le li-nematode tse phelang mahala) [14].
Ha hlotsoe D. dipsaci mapetsong ha a thehoe holim'a li-tubers, empa bola bo lefifi bo ata ka nama ka hare. Litlhōrō li khutsufalitsoe ebile lia holofala.
Nematode e boetse e baka tšenyo e kholo lijalong tse ling.
Lipeong tse amehileng le limela tse nyenyane tsa onion, motheo oa kutu oa ruruha, makhasi a kobehile 'me a sothehile [10]. Lesela le anngoeng ke nematode le na le sebopeho se hlephileng [10]. Limela li bola fatše. Tšenyo e fokolang ea limela ka nematode e ka 'na ea se ke ea hlokomeloa, empa butle-butle bulbs e bola ka polokelo.
Litholoana tsa lipeo tsa li-sugar beet tse amehileng lia kokomoha ebe li fumana sebopeho sa spongy [10]. Li-galls li ka 'na tsa theha, lintlheng tsa ho hōla, lesela le holofetse kapa le shoa, ho baka ho kobeha ha tlhōrō le ho thehoa ha makhasi a manyenyane. Ka hoetla, li-galls li bola ka lebaka la likokoana-hloko tsa bobeli.
Tšenyo ea linaoa hangata e iponahatsa e le ho fifala ha kutu [10].
Limeleng tsa oat, botlaaseng ba kutu bo ruruha, makhasi a fetoha a pherese, a kobeha 'me a khutsufatsa.
Ikemiseditse seo D. mosenyi e baka kotsi e kholo ka ho fetisisa mocheso oa 15-20 ° C le mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng ho feta 90% [14].
Ho 'nile ha pakoa hore stolons le metso ea limela tsa litapole li ameha haholo ha stem nematode e senyeha. rhizoctonia solani [14] Hape, ho latela lintlha tsa pele tse tsoang lithutong tse tsoelang pele, ho ile ha fumanoa hore ho ba teng ha li-nematode mobung ho baka keketseho e imenneng ka makhetlo a leshome palo ea libaktheria tse bakang leoto le letšo la litapole, ka hona ho eketsa monyetla oa ho nts'etsapele tšilo ea lijo. lefu. Libaktheria li kena semeleng ka maqeba a bakoang ke nematodes [9].
Ho fokotsa kotsi ea stem nematodes, ho bohlokoa ho kenya ts'ebetsong mekhoa e mengata e le karolo ea leano le kopantsoeng la ts'ireletso ea semela, ho itšetlehile haholo ka tšebeliso ea peo le lisebelisoa tsa ho jala tse phetseng hantle (tse se nang likokoanyana) le tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea ho potoloha lijalo. .
Bakeng sa ho thibela likokoana-hloko mobung ka likokoana-hloko tsa mobu, phytonematodes le mofoka, ho kgothaletswa ho jala, ho sila le ho kenyelletsa lijalo tsa biofumigating mobung (sarepta mosetareta).brassica juncearadish e tloaelehileng (Raphanus sativus), arugula (Eruca sativa[1]. Li-Isothiocyanate, tse entsoeng nakong ea ho timetsoa ha lisele tsa limela tsena, li thibela ho phefumoloha ha lisele le mesebetsi e meng, haholo-holo ka litapole tsa cyst nematodes. Li qholotsa ho lokolloa ha li-larvae ho mahe, li-cysts ha ho se na semela se loketseng se amohelang. Li-larvae, ha li sa fumane semela se loketseng, lia shoa. Theknoloji ea ho lema le ho sebelisa lijalo tsa biofumigating e hlalositsoe libukeng tsa puo ea Serussia [5, 1].
Mabapi le tšebeliso ea mokhoa oa lik'hemik'hale, linaheng tse ngata tsa EU, tumello ea Vidat (a.i. oxamil) e le nematicide le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e sebetsa ho fihlela 31.01.2023/20/10 [4,4]. Ho ea ka EU Database, ho kgothaletswa ho lema li-granules tsa lithethefatsi ka botebo ba lisenthimithara tse 5,0 ka tekanyo ea 20-0,01 kg / ha, ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa mobu [20]. Ho latela data ea Europe, boholo bo lumelletsoeng ba masala a oxamyl ka litapoleng ke XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX].
Bo-rasaense ba Manyesemane ba fana ka maikutlo a ho sebelisa Nematorin 10 G (a.i. phosphiazat) le Velum Prime (a.i. fluopyram) e le mefuta e meng ea nematicides [1]. Ho tlalehoa hore Nematorin 10 G e sebelisoa khahlano le li-nematodes tsa litapole le li-nematode tse phelang mahala tsa maq. Trichodorus и Paratrichodorus, e leng bajari ba kokoana-hloko ea koae ea rattle [1]. Setsing sa polokelo ea likokoanyana tsa EU, phosphiasate e se e ngolisitsoe linaheng tse ngata tsa EU (ho tloha 01.01.2004/31.10.2022/20 ho isa 3/20/0,02) e le nematicide khahlanong le cyst nematodes le gall nematodes [20]. Ho ea ka likhothaletso tsa EU, tekanyetso e tlase ea phosphiazat ke XNUMX kg/ha ha u lema nakong ea selemo [XNUMX]. Ho latela data ea Europe, boholo bo lumelletsoeng ba palo e setseng ea phosphiasate ka litapole ke XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX]. Russia, ntho ena e sebetsang ha e e-s'o ngolisoe.
United States, ho tlalehoa ho ngolisoa ha lithethefatsi Velum Prime, e reretsoeng ho hatella phytoparasitic nematodes, hammoho le maloetse a mangata: mafome a masoeu, alternaria, powdery hlobo le verticillium. Fluopyram ke sebolaea-khuru sa sehlopha sa 7 sa FRAC. Setsing sa polokelo ea lintho tsa EU, fluopyram e ngolisitsoe e le sebolaea-khuru [20].
Ho ea ka polokelongtshedimosetso EU chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e le nematicide ka likomkomere le lihoete ho tloha 01.10.2013/30.09.2023/XNUMX ho XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. ho itokisa ka baktheria Bacillus firmus I-1582 [20]. Ka likomkomere le lihoete Bacillus firmus I-1582 ha e thehe maemo a phahameng a lumelletsoeng a masala le nako ea ho leta [20], e re lumellang ho e nka e le moemeli oa prophylactic o sebelisoang ho lema lijalo tsa meroho sebakeng se sirelelitsoeng mme, mohlomong, bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa manyolo. le tlhahiso ea lijo tsa bana. Naheng ea Russia, moriana ona ha o e-so ngolisoe.
Li-mushroom li boetse li ngolisitsoe ho EU Purpureocillium licacinum mathata 251 [20]. Tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e lumelloa ho tloha 01.08.2008/31.07.2022/20 ho XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. linaheng tse 'maloa tsa EU ka palo ea lijalo sebakeng se sirelelitsoeng le se bulehileng [XNUMX]. Ka litapole, ho kgothaletswa ho loantša Pratylenchus spp., le CCN (balune spp.) [20]. Theknoloji ea ho kenya lithethefatsi mobung e rarahane, 'me katleho ea ketso ea fungus e itšetlehile ka maemo a tikoloho [20].
Ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore ha ho na mefuta ea litapole e hanyetsanang le li-nematode tsa mofuta oa mofuta Ditylenchus.
Ha re akaretsa se kaholimo, ho ka fihleloa qeto ea hore mekhoa ea mantlha ea ho laola stem nematode ka litapole e le karolo ea leano le kopaneng la ts'ireletso ke:
- tšebeliso ea litapole tsa peo e phetseng hantle;
- khetho ea nako e telele ea ho potoloha ha lijalo, e lumellang ho fokotsa tšoaetso ea tšimo ka stem nematode. Ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore litso tse ling li ka angoa haholo ke mefuta e fapaneng ea li-nematode tsa mofuta Ditylenchus, mohlala: clover e khubelu le e tšoeu, konofolo le eiee [13];
- taolo ea mofoka le "limela tsa boithaopo" tsa litapole: mefuta e mengata ea mofoka e sebetsa e le limela tse ling tse amohelang nematode;
- ho thibela likokoana-hloko ka lijana, lisebelisoa le mabenkele a litapole a nang le likokoana-hloko tse amohelehang. Lethathamo le melaoana ea ts'ebeliso ea mahlahana ana li fanoe libukeng tsa puo ea Serussia [2], hammoho le litekanyetso tsa European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) phetolelong e fetoletsoeng [3].
- biofumigation ea mobu ka lijalo tsa biofumigating tse tsoang lelapeng la cruciferous (mustard sareptskaya).Brazil juncea), arugula (Eruca sativaradish e tloaelehileng (Radish sativa[1].
- ts'ebeliso ea menontsha ea calcium nakong ea ho lema le nakong ea ho beoa ha tuber e ngata, kaha khalsiamo e lekaneng ea lijalo tsa temo e kenya letsoho ho thehoeng ha lerako le lesesaane la semela, le etsang hore ho be thata hore nematode e kenelle semela, hape e eketsa ho hanyetsa litapole ho tsoa kotsi le baktheria blackleg [4].
- taolo ea tekanyo ea tšilafalo ea mobu ka stem nematode (pele ho jala le ho lema lijalo, ho kgothaletswa ho hlahloba mobu ka laboratoring). Tabeng ea tlhaselo e matla, tšimo e joalo e ke ke ea sebelisoa ho lema lijalo tse hlaseloang ke stem nematode. Ho fokotsa tšilafalo ea eona, ho kgothaletswa ho sebelisa nematicides - e le karolo ea tšireletso e kopanetsoeng, ho latela melao ea ho sebetsana ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana. Ho phaella moo, hoa hlokahala ho lahla ka nepo le ka nako e nepahetseng masala a nematicides le lijana tsa bona, ho thibela tšilafalo ea nosetso le metsi a holim'a metsi. Tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea li-nematicides e tla fokotsa tšusumetso e mpe mobung le metsing a micro- le macrobiota.
Setšoantšo ke Maria Kuznetsova, VNIIF
Linepe tse tiisitsoeng ke British Commonwealth International Center for Agricultural and Biological Sciences (CABI) le ho behoa ho CABI Compendium of Invasive Species (14)
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