B.V. Anisimov, S.N. Zebrin, Federal State Budget Science Science Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Potato e reheletsoeng ka A.G. Lorha "
Ts'ebetso ea machabeng ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso, taolo ea boleng le netefatso ea litapole tsa peo e shebane le nts'etsopele le ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea moralo oa taolo o thehiloeng boiphihlelo bo bokelletsoeng ba machabeng tšimong ena.
Ntlafatso ea khafetsa ea phepelo e nepahetseng le matšoao a tloaelehileng a boleng ba khoebo ea litapole tsa peo e lumella ho bonts'a liphetoho tse hlokahalang ka nako le ka nepo ho tsona mabapi le tlhahiso le ho bapatsa litapole tsa peo, ho hlahisoa ha mekhoa e ncha ea netefatso, haholoholo ka kholo ea likokoanyana le boemo bo fetohang ba phytosanitary mabapi le boemo ba lehae le mekhoa ea lefats'e ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Motheong oa data e akaretsang ea sejoale-joale, liphetoho tse bang teng mefuteng ea likokoana-hloko ea likokoana-hloko le likokonyana tse kotsi bakeng sa litapole tse etsahetseng lilemong tsa morao tjena li bohlokoa haholo, e leng:
• mefuta e mecha ea vaerase e hlahella, e baka mefuta e meholo ea tšenyo ho limela le li-tubers. Har'a tsona, PVY (ntn), e bakang selika-likoe se bonoang sa litapole tsa litapole (Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot (PTNR)) e kotsi ka ho khetheha;
• mathata a baktheria a eketseha ka lebaka la ho hlaha ha mefuta e mecha ea likokoana-hloko tsa maoto a maputsoa (Pectobacterium / dickeya spp.) Le keketseho e matla ea "rot rot" (Clavibacter michiganensis) le baktheria e bola (Ralstonia Solancearum);
• matsatsi a pejana a ho hlaha ha blight ea morao-rao ho limela le ho thehoa ha sechaba se rarahaneng le se kotsi haholoanyane sa morabe oa pathogen ena;
• ho ata ha alternariosis ho ntse ho eketseha, haholo-holo ka mefuta e nang le monyetla oa lefu lena;
• ho na le ts'oaetso e kholo ea mefuta ea hoaba e fetisang tšoaetso ea vaerase litapole;
• ho na le li-wireworms tse ngata, li-scoops le likokoanyana tse ling tsa likokoanyana, li baka tšenyo e kholo boleng ba khoebo ea litapole;
• ho na le mekhahlelo e mengata ea ho ikatisa ea nematode;
• Mofuta oa litapole oa Colorado o ea libakeng tse ka leboea ho feta.
Liphetoho tse hlokometsoeng ho mefuta-futa ea likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko le likokoanyana li baka tlhokeho ea ho ntlafatsa matšoao a loketseng a taolo le litekanyetso tsa thibelo ea li-phytopathogens tse kotsi le likokoanyana tsa litapole.
Tšobotsi e ikhethang ea lilemo tsa morao-rao e boetse e le phello e bonoang litapole tsa lithemparetjha tse phahameng nakong ea selemo se ntseng se hola, komello e atisang ho phetoa ea nako e khuts'oane le e telele lehlabula, le keketseho ea CO2 sepakapakeng. Litlamorao tse hlahisoang ke ts'usumetso ea lintlha tsena li ka fokotsa haholo matšoao a tlhahiso ea kantle ea li-tubers le likarolo tse ling tse rekisoang tsa litapole tsa peo, haholoholo:
• ho na le keketseho ea boholo ba tuber e tloaelehileng le keketseho ea palo ea li-tubers tse kholo tse sa fihlelleng litlhoko tsa litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa litapole tsa peo;
• menyetla ea ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa mekhoa ea kholo nakong ea ho hola le ponahalo e amanang le bofokoli ba seo ho thoeng ke "kholo ea bobeli" ka tsela ea mapetso a hola ka li-tubers, ho etsoa ha voids bohareng ba tuber le bofokoli bo bong bo ntse bo eketseha;
• Nts'etsopele ea tuber bola nakong ea polokelo e matlafatsoa ka lebaka la ho fifala ha mariha.
Ts'ebetsong ea sejoale-joale ea machabeng, sesebelisoa sa bohlokoahali ho rarolla bothata ba ho rekisa litapole tsa peo ke ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea melaoana e shebaneng le melao ea mahlale e ipapisitseng le maemo a maemo, maemong a leholimo, e fetolang maemo a leholimo a leholimo.
Ho tloha ka la 1 Pherekhong 2018, "Prostate" ea litapole tsa peo e ncha. Maemo a mahlale le mekhoa ea ho khetholla boleng. " Basebetsi le litsebi tsa Federal State Budget Science Science Institution VNIIKKH, Union of Potato and Vegetable Market Partitors (Potato Union) le Federal State Institution Rosselkhoztsentr ba nkile karolo nts'etsopele ea eona.
Morero oa mantlha oa nts'etsopele le kenyelletso ea maemo a macha ke ho ntlafatsa lits'oants'o tsa boleng ba khoebo ba mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea litapole tsa peo molemong oa ho kopana ha bona le litloaelo tsa machabeng tse amoheloang ka kakaretso, hammoho le kopanyo ea bona le litokisetso le melaoana e sebetsang lebaleng la khoebo ea machabeng litapoleng tsa peo tse netefalitsoeng. Ho fihlela sena, ha ho ntlafatsoa maemo a macha, ho ile ha tsotelloa litokisetso tsohle tsa mantlha le litlhokahalo tsa taolo ea maemo a machaba a UNECE mabapi le ho bapatsa le taolo ea boleng ba khoebo ea litapole tsa peo.
Sebopeho sa maemo se lumellana le litokisetso tsa mantlha tsa kemiso ea maemo a mahareng e amohetsoeng Russia mme e kenyelletsa likarolo tse latelang tse kholo:
- sebaka sa kopo;
- Litšupiso tse tloaelehileng;
- mantsoe a tlhaloso le khutsufatso;
- tlhophiso;
- litlhokahalo tsa tekheniki;
- melao ea kamohelo le sampling;
- mekhoa ea ho khetholla boleng;
- ho paka;
- ho tšoaea;
- lipalangoang le polokelo;
- litlhokahalo tsa polokeho.
mafu a lijalo le li-tubers *
Tlhahiso e fumanehang sekoahelong se tloaelehileng e batla e le likarolo tsohle tsa taolo ea boleng le netefatso ea litapole tsa peo:
• bonnete le bohloeki ba mefuta-futa;
• ho latela tšimoloho ea lotho ea peo;
• boemo ba boleng ba likarolo tse fapaneng tsa lisebelisoa tsa peo mabapi le mafu, likokonyana, likoli;
• Lits'oaretso mabapi le sebopeho sa sebopeho le ponahalo ea li-tubers;
• Melao ea ho paka, ho tiisa le ho ngola.
Tekanyetso e ncha e theha lits'oants'o tse fapaneng tsa boleng ba khoebo bakeng sa mekhahlelo e meraro ea litapole tsa peo - ea mantlha (OC), elite (ES) le ea ho ikatisa (PC), e nahanang ka maemo a ho fokotseha ha lits'oants'o tse ling tsa boleng ka keketseho ea palo ea meloko nakong ea tlhahiso ea litapole tsa peo. Mamello e phahameng bakeng sa lits'oants'o tsa boleng ba bohlokoa e haufi haholo kamoo ho ka khonehang le litlhoko tse amoheloang ka kakaretso tsa melao ea machaba ea standard ea UNECE ea machaba (Tafole 1)
Bakeng sa litapole tsa litapole tsa peo tse reretsoeng ho lema le ho kenella khoebong, maemo a boetse a fana ka lithibelo tse thata boteng ba li-tubers:
• ho se fihlelle litlhoko tsa boholo - 3%;
• e angoa ke stem nematode - 0,5% (feela bakeng sa sehlopha RS);
• ka sebaka sa glandular le ho fifala ha makhasi (haeba ho feta karolo ea 1/4 ea karolo ea longitudinal ea tuber e amehile) - 5%;
• ka liphoso tsa kantle le tšenyo ka mokhoa oa mapetso, ho khaola, ho lla, meno a methapo ea methapo e nang le botebo bo fetang 5 mm le bolelele bo fetang 10 mm - 5%;
• ka tšenyo e bakoang ke tse senyang lijalo tsa temo (wireworm - tse fetang tse tharo tse tsamaeang, litoeba, bo-maleshoane le li-scoops), empa ntle le tšenyo ea mahlo - 2%.
Ho litapole tsa peo, boteng ba likokoana-hloko tsa maloetse a tšoaetsanoang le likokoanyana tsa bohlokoa ba karohano (kankere ea litapole, bola ea baktheria e sootho, "cyst-formate potato nematode, moth" ea litapole) ha e lumelloe.
Tekanyetso e theha litekanyetso tse arohaneng bakeng sa taolo ea livaerase tsa phytopathogenic tse ipapisitseng le liteko tsa laboratori tsa makhasi a makhasi le li-tuber, ho ipapisitsoe le boemo ba phatlalatso ea lisebelisoa tsa peo ea mantlha, ho kenyelletsa le lisebelisoa tsa vitro source, minicubers, moloko oa pele oa tšimo ea minicubers le super-super-elite.
Bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle (meloko) tsa sehlopha sa lihlahisoa tsa peo ea mantlha, ho ile ha hlahisoa mamello e tiileng ea melao bakeng sa livaerase tse etsang hore ho be le mefuta e matla ea likhoele le li-banded (YBK), makhasi a litapole (VLK) le tuber spindle viroid (VVKK). Ho ba teng ha YBK le VBLK ho lisebelisoa tsa mohloli oa in vitro le li-minitubers ha ho lumelloe.
Mokhoeng oa pele oa tšimo oa li-minitubers, sekhahla se lumelloang se phahameng ha sea lokela ho feta 0,5%, ho super-superelite - 1%. Bakeng sa VVKK, mamello ea zero e thehiloe melokong eohle.
Bakeng sa litheko tsa superelite, elite, le litapole tsa peo e tlang ho qala ho pharalla, litekanyetso tse phahameng tse lumelletsoeng bakeng sa ho fokotsa ts'oaetso ea vaerase le / kapa baktheria ho latela liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea laboratori ea li-sampuli tsa tuber li ka beoa likonterakeng (likonteraka) bakeng sa phepelo ea litapole tsa peo. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa mabatooa a superelite le a phahameng, boemo bo phahameng ba thibelo ea YBK ho latela liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea laboratori ha ea lokela ho feta 10%. Tlas'a maemo a macha, litekanyetso tsa sampole tsa tlhahlobo ea laboratori li thehiloe ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea PCR, tlhahlobo ea enjene e amanang le immunosorbent assay (ELISA) le tlhahlobo ea immunochromatographic (IHA) (Lethathamo 2).
Tlhahlobo ea PCR e sebelisetsoa ho tseba hore na litapole tsa litapole tsa spindle tuber viroid (VVKK), YBK le li-virus tsa PLRV, hammoho le likokoana-hloko tsa baktheria (leoto le letšo le bola ea selikalikoe) linthong tsa pele pele li ka ikatisa le maemong a latelang a ho ikatisa. Boitsebiso bo khethehileng ba tlhahlobo bo feta 99%, moeli oa ho lemoha (mohopolo o tlase o fumanehang) ke li-unit tsa 10 tsa pathogen / cm3.
Liteko tse amanang le enzyme ea immunosorbent assay (ELISA) e sebelisetsoa ho fumana ts'oaetso ea limela le methapo e nang le vaerase (PVK, SBK, MBK, YBK, VSLK) le tšoaetso ea baktheria (leoto le letšo) ka liteko tsa laboratori tsa lisampole tsa tuber tsa kamora kotulo tse nkiloeng ho li-batches tsa moloko oa pele oa tšimo, super-super-elite, superelite le elite ... Moeli oa ho lemoha (bonyane bo fumanoang bo tsepamisitsoeng) bakeng sa livaerase ke 10 ng / cm3, bakeng sa libaktheria - lisele tse 104 / cm3.
Liteko tsa kamora kotulo ea li-tubers bakeng sa boteng ba tšoaetso ea vaerase li etsoa nakong ea hoetla-mariha ho limela tse holiloeng ho li-indices (leihlo la tuber le nang le lithane tse haufi). Teko ea litapole bakeng sa baktheria e etsoa likarolong tse khaotsoeng ho tloha holimo karolong e kaholimo ea tuber.
Ts'ebetso ea Immunochromatographic (IHA) e sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo e potlakileng ea phytopathogen ho limela tsa litapole tse sebelisang methapo ea liteko maemong ao e seng a laboratori.
Mekhoa ea ho fumana melao le boleng ba ho amohela ho lema le litapole tse ngata tsa peo e thehiloeng ke maemo e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea masimo, tlhahlobo ea tuber ea lisele tsa peo, tlhahlobo ea laboratori ea li-sampuli tsa kamora kotulo le taolo ea mobu ea mehlala e fapaneng ea mefuta ea peo ea mantlha e tlang ho ajoa khoebong.
Tekanyetso e theha litlhokahalo tsa mantlha tsa ho paka, ho ngola, ho tsamaisa le ho boloka litapole tsa peo, hape e fana ka melaong e tloaelehileng ea litokomane tsa ho sebetsa le tsa semmuso bakeng sa ho sebetsana le sephetho sa ho khetholla boleng ba ho jala le boleng ba khoebo ba litapole tsa peo tse ngata, e hlalosa mafu a kotsi a tšoaetsanoang le bofokoli bo laoloang mamello ea maemo.
Joalokaha ho se ho hlokometsoe, litokisetso tsa mantlha tsa maemo mabapi le mamello ea taolo le mekhoa ea ho khetholla boleng ba mekhahlelo ea litapole tsa peo ea mantlha le tse phahameng li haufi le boemo bo amohetsoeng linaheng tsa EU. Mohlala, mamello ea taolo ea maemo a macha a RF bakeng sa tuber rot e tšoana hantle le litekanyetso tsa maemo a naha ea linaha tsa EU le maemo a machaba a UNECE (Tafole ea 3).
Ka nako e ts'oanang, phapang e kholo e lula e le maemo a machaba a UNECE mabapi le matšoao a sa laoleheng a thata bakeng sa taolo ea laboratori ea limela le li-tubers tse tšoaelitsoeng ke tšoaetso ea vaerase, haholoholo kamanong le mekhahlelo ea litapole tsa peo ea maemo a phahameng. Ho hlahisoa ha mamello e matla bokamosong ho ka etsahala ha feela ho nkuoa mehato e meng ho theha libaka tse khethehileng (libaka) bakeng sa tlhahiso ea litapole tsa peo ka maemo a hloekileng a phytosanitary a netefatsang hore ho lengoa liphooko tse phetseng hantle (ntle le likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic) litapole tsa peo tsa mantlha le tse phahameng tse nang le meeli e phahameng ea mojaro oa ts'oaetso. ho fokotsa likotsi tsa ts'oaetso e ncha ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e ntle ea tikoloho ea tlhaho le ho ntlafatsa maemo le tikoloho Ha ho karabelo ho tsoa mehloling ea tšoaetso e ka bang teng.
Ho ipapisitsoe le mehopolo ea sejoale-joale mabapi le mekhoa le litšobotsi tsa phetiso le kabo ea likokoana-hloko tsa phytopathogenic, hammoho le ho fallisoa ha bajari ba tsona ho litapole, ho kgothaletswa ho netefatsa bohole ba sebaka ho tloha mehloling e ka bang teng ea ts'oaetso bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa peo ea mekhahlelo ea mantlha ea ho ikatisa - 500 m, bakeng sa meloko e latelang ea tšimo - 100 m (Lethathamo la 4 ).
Ho ea ka pono e sebetsang, molemong oa ho theha tikoloho e ntle, haholoholo ha ho hola meloko ea mantlha e ntseng e hola, mokhoa o fumanehang ka ho fetisisa le o sebetsang ke "ho beoa ka thoko" meloko ea mantlha e sebelisang ts'ireletso ea lijalo tsa mabele kapa joang bo potileng potoloho eohle ea tšimo (setšoantšo).
Bakeng sa likhoebo tse sebetsanang le ho holisa peo ea litapole, ho bohlokoa hape libakeng tsa limela tsa litapole tsa mantlha le tse phahameng ho netefatsa taolo e sa khaotseng ea lijalo masimong a boahelani a batho ba bang (baahi le mekhatlo), ka har'a meeli ea karohano ea libaka. E le o mong oa mehato e ka bang teng, ho kgothaletswa ho etsa phapanyetso e nang le mekhahlelo ea lihlahisoa tsa nako e telele masimong ana ka ho fa beng ba litša tse bontšitsoeng lipeo tsa litapole tsa peo ea mantlha le tse phahameng tse hlahisitsoeng libakeng tse ikhethileng tsa peo (libaka).
Qetellong, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore ho ananeloa le ts'ebeliso ea litlhoko tse tloaelehileng tsa taolo lekaleng la tlhahiso le tlhahiso ea litapole tsa peo 'marakeng oa lehae le nts'etsopele ea thepa ea kantle ho naha le kantle ho naha ka har'a' maraka o tloaelehileng oa linaha tsa Yuropa ea Yuropa e lokela ho kenya letsoho ho theheng tikoloho e ncha ea tlholisano lipakeng tsa barekisi. litapole tsa peo le bahlahisi ba lihlahisoa tsa khoebo. Ka lebaka leo, balemi ba ka fanang ka litapole tsa peo tse ntle tse fihlellang maemo a litlhokahalo tse lumellanoeng tsa machabeng ba tla fumana monyetla o totobetseng. Sena se tla sebetsa e le mohloli oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea mahlale a mahlale a morao-rao, ho tsetela ho nts'etsopele ea tlhahiso, ho khothaletsa mefuta e potlakileng ea mebaraka ea lapeng le ea machabeng, ts'ebeliso ea tlhahlobo e sebetsang ea phytopathogens, koetliso ea basebetsi le nts'etsopele ea litsebi lefapheng la tlhahiso ea peo ea litapole, taolo ea boleng le setifikeiti.