Evgeny Simakov, Hlooho ea Lefapha la Letamo la Potato Gene Pool, Ngaka ea Saense ea Temo, Moprofesa oa A.G. Lorch"
Hajoale, ka lebaka la bothata bo ntseng bo eketseha ba ho fa bahlahisi thepa ea peo e netefalitsoeng, tlhoko ea mefuta ea lapeng ea moloko o mocha, e tsamaellanang le litlhoko tsa sejoale-joale tsa mmaraka oa litapole ho latela likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa moruo, e eketsehile haholo. .
Ntlafatso e matla ea boemo bo hloka ho kengoa ts'ebetsong ha mehato e sebetsang ea tsamaiso e reriloeng haholo-holo ntlafatsong ea sejoale-joale le lisebelisoa tsa thekenoloji tsa motheo oa thepa le botekgeniki oa litsi tse teng tsa mahlale. Haeba katleho ea ho ikatisa ea Russia e lumellana le mefuta e metle ea analog ea kantle ho naha e batloang 'marakeng oa litapole tsa peo le tsa khoebo, hoa khonahala ho potlakisa tlhahiso ea mefuta e mecha e tšepisang ho fumana batho ba maemo a holimo.
Ka har'a moralo oa Subprogram e ntseng e tsoela pele "Nts'etsopele ea tlhahiso ea litapole le tlhahiso ea peo ho Russia Federation bakeng sa 2017-2025", Lekala la Temo le Lekala la Thuto le Saense la Russia Federation le khethile barupeluoa mererong e kopaneng ea mahlale le tekheniki. KSTP) le mananeo a kopantseng a lipatlisiso tsa mahlale (CPNI) ho theha le ho khothaletsa ka potlako mefuta e mecha e behang haholo tlhahisong e ipapisitseng le mahlale a morao-rao a sebetsang hantle bakeng sa ho lema peo ea boleng bo holimo.
Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea agro-ecological ea mefuta e mecha ea litapole e entsoeng nakong ea ts'ebetsong ea eona, ha e holisoa likhoebong tsa temo tsa libaka tse 9 tsa Russia Federation (North-Western, Central, Volga, Ural, joalo-joalo) e bonts'a hore mobung o fapaneng. le maemo a leholimo, mefuta e mengata ea mefuta e mecha e fana ka lihlahisoa tse phahameng ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng tse seng tlase ho li-analogue tsa linaha tse ling. Ho theha tlhokahalo ea mefuta e mecha ea malapeng, botumo ba bona bo pharaletseng ha bo hlokehe feela ho tsoa ho ba nang le litokelo tsa molao, empa le ho tsoa ho baqapi. Ha e le hantle, ka bomalimabe, mefuta e mecha e entsoeng ke bahlahisi ba Russia, ka mor'a hore e kene ka har'a Register ea Naha, e lula e sa tsejoe ka nako e telele ka lebaka la khaello ea thepa ea peo e netefalitsoeng bakeng sa bareki ba ka bang teng, e bonts'itsoeng ka ho hlaka ke lintlha tse fanoeng Lethathamong la 1.
Lethathamo la 1. Mefuta e etellang pele 'marakeng oa litapole oa Russia Federation (data e tsoang ho Federal State Budgetary Institution Rosselkhozcenter, 2020)
Mefuta e fapaneng | Moqapi | Sesebediswa sa peo se jetsweng | ||
lithane | % | |||
Nevsky | FITs litapole bona. Mong. Lorkha | 11120 | 13,75 | |
Mahlohonolo | - // - | 1942 | 2,48 | |
Aurora | - // - | 1556 | 1,99 | |
Zhukovsky kapele | - // - | 936 | 1,26 | |
Gulliver | - // - | 392 | 0,50 | |
Qhobosheane | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Charoite | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Monna oa Gingerbread | - // - | 289 | 0,37 | |
Meteor | - // - | 242 | 0,31 | |
E ratehang | - // - | 194 | 0,25 | |
Pentant | - // - | 173 | 0,22 | |
Sineglazka 2016 | - // - | 125 | 0,16 | |
Grandee | - // - | 117 | 0,15 | |
Фиолетовый | - // - | 110 | 0,14 | |
Sadon | - // - | 80 | 0,10 | |
Ariel | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Ho makatsa | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Fritella | - // - | 36 | 0,04 | |
Hussar | - // - | 25 | 0,03 | |
Botle Meshchera | - // - | 21 | 0,02 | |
KAOFELA: | 21802 | 26,8 | ||
Mofubelu o mofubelu | HZPC Holland BV | 15313 | 18,8 | |
Gala | Norika | 13307 | 16,4 | |
Colombo | HZPC Holland BV | 13283 | 16,3 | |
moqapi | HZPC Holland BV | 12501 | 15,4 | |
Newton | Frito-Lay Amerika Leboea | 2590 | 3,2 | |
Arizona | Agrico UA | 2475 | 3,1 | |
KAOFELA: | 59469 | 73,2 | ||
Boemong ba hona joale, ho eketsa katleho ea khetho ea malapeng le ho e fetisetsa boemong bo bocha ba boleng ho ka finyelloa feela motheong oa likamano tsa sechaba le tsa botho (setšoantšo sa 1). Ha re nahana ka taba ea hore litsi tse ngata tsa ho ikatisa, mekhatlo ea mmuso le likhoebo tsa ho ikatisa le tsa peo ha li na kamano e nyane mme li ntse li tsoela pele ho sebetsa ka boikemelo, hoa hlokahala ho kopanya boiteko ba ho nts'etsapele mokhoa oa sejoale-joale oa lapeng oa ho ikatisa le ho hlahisa peo ho latela melao-motheo ea tšebelisano ea sechaba le poraefete. .
Ho kenya tšebetsong lenaneo la ho kenya litapole tsa peo sebakeng sa kantle ho naha lilemong tse 10 tse fetileng, mefuta e fetang 20 ea khetho ea litapole tsa FRC e rehelletsoeng ka A.I. A.G. Lorkha, eo har'a eona mefuta ea pele e tummeng ka ho fetisisa: Krepysh, Meteor, Gulliver; bohareng ba pele: Ariel, Krasa Meshchery, Sadon, hammoho le lintho tse ncha: Sprinter, Flagman le Mirage. Boholo ba mefuta ena ke ea tšebeliso ea litafole.
E 'ngoe ea mefuta e atileng haholo e ntseng e hola ea pele e ntlafalitsoeng kamora 2010 ke Meteor (e lumelletsoe ho sebelisoa libakeng tse ngata tsa Russia). Ha e fapane feela qalong ea tuberization, empa hape, e leng ea bohlokoa haholo, nakong ea ho thehoa ha lijalo tse rekisoang. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e loketse ho hōla holim'a mefuta eohle ea mobu, empa ho bonolo ho finyella sebopeho se pota-potileng sa tubers mobung o nang le sebopeho se setle. Ho fumana tlhahiso ea pele, ke ho lakatsehang ho futhumatsa li-tubers, 'me ho mela ha bobebe ho molemo (lipeo ho fihlela bolelele ba 1 cm). Tlhokahalo ea phepo ea liminerale e tloaelehile bakeng sa mefuta ea pele. Haeba litapole li reretsoe ho bolokoa, kopo ea naetrojene e lokela ho ba karoloana: 70% pele e lema, 30% pele ho thehoa tuber. Ha u holisa lihlahisoa tsa pele, ho khothaletsoa kopo e le 'ngoe. Litloaelo tsa manyolo a phosphorus le potash li baloa ho latela liphetho tsa liteko tsa mobu. Karabelo ea mefuta-futa ts'ebelisong e eketsehileng ea magnesium le manganese e ile ea hlokomeloa. Letlobo le hlaha ka khotso le ka potlako, ho koaloa ha mela le hona ho etsahala ka nako e khuts'oane, kahoo kalafo e nakong le e tloaelehileng khahlano le blight ea morao e ea hlokahala. Liphetoho tsa maemo a mongobo mobung li ka lebisa ho tsosolosoa ho matla ha ho hōla ha tuber le ponahalo ea "melao" ho li-tubers tse kholo. Mefuta e fapaneng e hanyetsana le tšenyo ea mechine, empa ho nka libeke tse peli ho isa ho tse tharo ka mor'a ho tlosoa ha litlhōrō ho etsa lekhapetla le "matlafalitsoeng". Mefuta e fapaneng e loketse polokelo ea nako e telele ka mocheso o nepahetseng + 4оC.
Qhobosheane - mofuta o mong oa pele, o seng o atile haholo libakeng tsa Russia. E loketse ho hola mefuteng eohle ea mobu, leha ho le joalo, litholoana tse ntle ho latela palo le ho ts'oana ha li-tubers li fumanoa mobung o nonneng oa loamy. Nako ea ho robala e khutšoanyane, ka mor'a moo ho mela ha li-tubers ka mocheso o ntseng o eketseha ho etsahala kapele. Tšobotsi ena ea mefuta e sa tšoaneng ke ea bohlokoa ho nahana ka hore na ho hlokahala ho lema lijalo tsa bobeli tsa litapole libakeng tse ka boroa tsa naha. Ho fumana tlhahiso ea pele, ho futhumatsa kapa ho mela hanyenyane ha li-tubers (melao ho fihlela ho 1 cm) hoa khoneha. Bakeng sa mefuta e fapa-fapaneng, ho lema mobu oa boleng bo holimo le ho theha mobu o nang le maqeba a matle a bohlokoa, e leng se tla netefatsa hore tuberization e betere. Palo ea naetrojene e hlokahalang e baloa ho latela maemo a mofuta oa pele, le phosphorus le potasiamo ho latela liphetho tsa liteko tsa mobu. Ha u holisa lihlahisoa tsa pele, ho khothaletsoa kopo e le 'ngoe. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e arabela hantle ha e nosetsa, kaha mongobo o nepahetseng oa mobu o tiisa hore tuberization e ntle le thekiso e phahameng. Tsoelo-pele e matla ea boima bo ka holimo le ho koaloa ka potlako ha mela e lokela ho nkoa ha ho etsoa mokhoa oa phekolo ea fungicidal bakeng sa limela tsa limela. Ha e butsoitse, peel e matlafatsa butle-butle mefuteng, 'me li-tubers li arohanngoa habonolo le stolons. Ho kotula ha ho qaloe pele ho libeke tse tharo ka mor'a ho tlosoa ha litlhōrō, ka linako tse ling ho hloekisoa khafetsa hoa hlokahala. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e na le karolelano ea ho hanyetsa tšenyo ea mechine. Ho kotula microdamages ho ka baka tahlehelo e feteletseng ea mongobo ho tsoa ho li-tubers le ho mela pele ho nako. Mofuta o reretsoe tlhahiso ea pele (ho boloka ho fihlela likhoeli tse tšeletseng ho lumelloa). Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e tšoauoa ka nako e khuts'oane ea nako e khuts'oane, puso e nepahetseng ea mocheso oa ho boloka litapole tsa peo + 4-5.оC. Ho thibela tahlehelo ea mongobo ka li-tubers, ke habohlokoa hore nakong ea pholileng nakong ea phekolo, phapang pakeng tsa mocheso oa litapole le moea o pholileng e be e fokolang, 'me ho fokotseha ha letsatsi le leng le le leng ha mocheso oa li-tubers ho lokela ho ba ka hare. 0,5-0,7оC.
Gulliver (ka State Register ea Russia Federation ho tloha 2018) e boetse e kenyelelitsoe sehlopheng sa mefuta ea litafole tsa pele. Multi-tuber, e hloka sebaka bakeng sa ho theha lijalo: ha e lenngoe molemong oa khoebo, sekhahla se khothaletsoang sa ho jala ke li-tubers tse likete tse 40/ha. Litefiso tsa manyolo tse thehiloeng ho lithane tse 40 tsa li-tubers tse rekisoang ho tloha ho 1 ha ho ea ho (a.i./ha) N:P:K:Mg ka karolelano ea 170-180:100-110:310-320:70-80. Nitrogen e bohlokoa haholo - 170 kg / ha, e thehiloeng ho a.i., ho ela hloko mobu; sebelisa karoloana ea 50/50, haholo-holo mobung o bobebe - nakong ea ho lema le nakong ea limela ka bolelele ba semela sa lisenthimithara tse 15. Mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea pele: e se e le ka August, botsofali ba 'mele bo qala, kahoo, e le ho lelefatsa nako ea ho hōla, ke ho hlokahala ho etsa ho roala holimo ka nako e loketseng hammoho le liphekolo tsa fungicidal khahlano le blight ea morao-rao ka sekhahla sa 5 -10 N/ha (ho ea ka a.i.). Ho boetse hoa hlokahala ho hlokomela boleng ba li-tubers ka ho eketsa K le Mg. Mobung o nang le kotsi e kholo ea ho hlahisa lekhalo le tloaelehileng, ho kgothaletswa ho nosetsa hang ka mor'a ho qala ha tuberization.
Mefuta e fapaneng ea litafole tsa pele tse mahareng Ariel litsebi bitsa ka ho fetisisa ikamahanyang le maemo moleng oa varietal. Ka lebaka la polasetiki ea eona e phahameng, e bontša liphello tse babatsehang maemong a libaka tse ngata tsa Russia. Selemong sa komello sa 2021, ha se ne se lengoa ntle le ho nosetsa, se fane ka chai e mahareng ho tloha ho 43,4 ho isa ho 55,5 t/ha. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e na le litlhoko tsohle tsa ho kena sehlopheng se ka holimo sa mohlahisi oa Russia. Taba ea pele, leloko la mefuta e fapaneng le na le batsoali ba behang haholo, ho bolelang hore le na le matla a matle a liphatsa tsa lefutso; ea bobeli, ha e na komello, leha e se na mongobo, e beha ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng li-tubers tse 15 ebe e "hulela" ka boholo bo rekisoang. Molemo o mong ke ho hanyetsa ho eketsehileng ho senya mochine esita le ha o hloekisa mocheso oa +8-10оC. Paballo ea li-tubers e phahame haholo.
Mefuta e fapaneng ea litafole tsa pele tse mahareng Sadon e kenyellelitsoe ho Ngoliso ea Naha ea Russia Federation ka 2020, ena ke katleho e kopaneng ea balisa ba FRC Potato e reheletsoeng ka A.I. A.G. Lorch le FAT-AGRO. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e loketse ho hōla holim'a mefuta eohle ea mobu, leha ho le joalo, liphello tse ntle ka ho fetisisa li fumaneha matšoafong a hlophisitsoeng hantle. Poelo ya rekoto ya 2021 t/ha e fumanwe masimong a nosetswang a AFG National ka 83,3. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e na le nako e telele ea ho robala, empa ha ho na matla a apical nakong ea ho mela. Pele o lema, ho kgothaletswa ho alafa li-tubers ka lithethefatsi khahlanong le rhizoctoniosis. Tlhokahalo ea naetrojene e tlase ho 10-15% ho feta e tloaelehileng bakeng sa mefuta e sa tsoaneng ea bohareng. Tšebeliso ea naetrojene ea fractional: 75% pele e lema, 25% pele ho etsoa tuber. Sekhahla sa tšebeliso ea menontsha ea phosphorus le potash e baloa ho ea ka liphello tsa tlhahlobo ea mobu. Tšebeliso ea manyolo a manyolo ha e khothalletsoe ka lebaka la tšenyo e ka bang teng ho li-tubers ka lekhoa le tloaelehileng. Lipeo li hlaha butle-butle, 'me tsoelo-pele ea boima bo ka holimo e etsahala ka potlako, e lokelang ho tsotelloa ha ho etsoa phekolo ea fungicidal ea limela tsa limela. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e mamella komello, e hanyetsana haholo le tšenyo ea mechine ka nako ea pele (libeke tse peli pele ho kotuloa) ho tlosoa ha litlhōrō. Ho feto-fetoha ha mocheso nakong ea polokelo ho ka etsa hore ho mela pele ho nako ea li-tubers.
Mefuta e fapaneng ea litafole tsa pele tse mahareng Botle Meshchera e boetse e kenyelelitsoe ho Rejistara ea Naha ea Federation ea Russia ka 2020. Lihlahisoa li phahame, palo ea li-tubers ka sehlahla ke likotoana tse 14-18. Kereiti e loketse ho lengoa mefuteng eohle ea mobu. Li-tubers li pota-potile-oval, ka ho hōla ho hoholo ho na le tšekamelo ea sebopeho se bōpehileng joaloka pere. Nako ea ho robala ke ea nako e mahareng. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e phatlalalitse matla a apical, ka hona, pele o lema, ho molemo ho khaola limela tsa apical le ho hlohlelletsa ho mela ha mahlo a lateral ho sebelisa moea o futhumetseng oa moea (+ 20-30).оTSOA). Ntho e ikhethang ea tšebeliso ea menontsha ke hore ho molemo ho sebelisa naetrojene ka karoloana: 70% pele u lema, 30% pele ho tuberization. Mohlomong ts'ebeliso e le 'ngoe ea naetrojene. Manyolo a Phosphate a sebelisoa ho nahanoa ka liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea mobu, 'me manyolo a potash a sebelisoa ka 10-15% ho feta tekanyo e lekantsoeng e le ho qoba mathata a ho fifala ha tuber pulp. Letlobo le hlaha kapele, hammoho le nts'etsopele ea boima bo kaholimo le ho koaloa ha mela, e lokelang ho tsotelloa ha ho etsoa kalafo ea fungicidal. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng e iteka ka mokhoa o itekanetseng ho senyeha ha mochine, kahoo hoa hlokahala ho tlosa litlhōrō libeke tse peli pele ho kotuloa ho netefatsa matla a lekhapetla. Likarolo tsa mefuta e fapaneng nakong ea polokelo - e ka theha limela tsa apical kapele; e na le maikutlo a ho tsieleha ha o laolla ho tloha polokelong (ho fifala ha makhasi ao ho hlokomeloa): ho qoba tahlehelo, ho eletsoa ho futhumatsa li-tubers. Ka tlhophiso e nepahetseng ea polokelo, hoa khoneha ho thibela "botsofali" bo potlakileng ba 'mele le ho felloa ke metsi 'meleng oa li-tubers.
Ke kopa ho lebisa tlhokomelo ea babali ho tse seng kae morao tjena ntshetsopele ya ho ikatisa.
Mefuta e fapaneng ea tafole ea bohareng ba selemo Flagship ho ea ka litšobotsi tsa boleng le boholo ba li-tubers, e lumellana le mefuta e fapaneng ea analogue Arrow. Mefuta ea pele Mohlomphehi e etselitsoeng ho hlahisa litapole tse nyane tsa boleng bo holimo. Ka bobeli esale ba le litekong tsa Naha tse fapaneng ho tloha ka 2021.