Yu.P. Boyko, Yu.A. Masyuk, O.A. Starovoitova, O.V. Abashkin, V.N. Zeyruk, L.Ya. Kostina, N.N. Gordienko, Z.N. Morzhenkova D.V. Abrosimov, Federal State Budgetary Institution "Sesebelisoa sa Patlisiso sa Rashia sa Russia sa Tlhaho ea Litapole se bitsoang A.G. Lorha "
TLHOKOMELISO EA HO HOPA MOKHATLO O MOTSO O PHELANG LITLHOHONOLO TSA MOSCOW LE TVER
Sehlahisoa sa manyolo ke sehlahisoa se se nang lintho tse chefo kapa se nang le tsona ka har'a meeli ea bohloeki le polokeho ea lijo. Ho fumana lihlahisoa tsa temo tse bolokehileng tikolohong (lijalo) ho netefatsoa ka ho se sebelisoe ha ts'ireletso ea limela tsa lik'hemik'hale, ho sebelisoa mekhoa e rarahaneng ea temo le likokoana-hloko ea ho loants'a tse senyang lijalo, maloetse a limela le lehola le se nang tšusumetso e mpe tikolohong.
Nts'etsopele ea mekhoa le mekhoa ea ho fumana lihlahisoa tsa temo e etsoa ke International Organic Agriculture Association (IFOAM) - mokhatlo oa demokrasi o kopanyang barupeluoa ba fetang 800 ba mafolofolo linaheng tse 117 ho pota lefatše. Likomiti tsa semmuso le lihlopha li thehiloe ka sepheo le sepheo se fapaneng ho tloha nts'etsopele ea maemo a machabeng ho tataisa boits'oaro, thepa le boeletsi ho temo ea manyolo.
Russia, merero ea pele ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa temo e qalile ho hlaha lilemong tsa bo-1990. Empa ho fihlela joale, karolo ea mekhatlo ea temo e ikhethang e hlahisang lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko e nyane haholo. Kholo ea mmaraka e thibetsoe ke lintlha tse ngata, ho kenyeletsoa khaello ea litekanyetso tsa tlhahiso ea bio ho fihlela haufinyane: mang kapa mang a ka beha "bio" kapa "eco" beche sehlahisoa sa bona, se kentseng letsoho kholisong ea lihlahisoa tsa maiketsetso mme sa nyenyefatsa ts'epo ea bareki ho indasteri eohle.
Ka la 1 Pherekhong 2020, Molao oa Federal on Organic Products o ile oa qala ho sebetsa ka har'a naha, tokomane e theha moralo oa taolo bakeng la tlhahiso le tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa 'Musong oa Russia, melaoana ea tlhahiso e kenyelletsang ts'ebeliso ea menontsha le lik'hemik'hale.
Tlas'a molao o mocha, Russia e tla ba le mokhoa oa eona oa ho netefatsa lihlahisoa tsa manyolo. Setifikeiti se tla fanoa ke lik'hamphani tse ikhethileng tse ngolisitsoeng ka molao, setifikeiti sa tsona se sebetsoa ke Federal Accreditation Service ("Rosaccreditation"). Qetellong ea selemo sa 2019, mekhatlo e meraro e fetisitse lengolo la tiiso: Setsebi sa Tlhaho, FSBI Rosselkhoztsentr Setereke sa Voronezh le Roskachestvo.
Molao o hlahisa mohopolo oa lihlahisoa tsa manyolo le baetsi ba tsona, o laola moetlo oa tlhahiso, polokelo, lipalangoang, ho ngola le ho rekisa.
Tokomane ena e boetse e hlalosa temo ea manyolo. E se e na le lethathamo la litlhoko bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa manyolo, tse nang le lintlha tse 11. Bakeng sa balemi ba limela, thibelo ea tšebeliso ea li-agrochemicals le meriana e bolaeang likokonyana e bohlokoa: Litsebi tsa likokoana-hloko li sebelisetsoa ho laola likokonyana le mafu a semela. Veto e hloahloa haholo ka mekhoa ea boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso le temo ea hydroponic.
Molao o boetse o thibela ts'ebeliso ea liphutheloana tse entsoeng ka thepa tse ka lebisang tšilafalo ea lihlahisoa le tikoloho, ho kenyelletsa polyvinyl chloride.
Baetsi ba thepa ba tla tseba ho netefatsa tlhahiso ea bona le thepa ka boithatelo ho theha melao ea naha, lipakeng le machabeng. Kamora moo, ba tla khona ho sebelisa mabitso, e tla ba letšoao la lihlahisoa tsa manyolo.
Baetsi ba molao ba lebelletse hore molao o hlile o tla sebetsa ka selemo le halofo kapa lilemo tse peli, kaha ts'ebetso ea ho hlahloba baetsi ba lihlahisoa le ho fana ka litifikeiti ho nka nako e telele.
Leha ho le joalo, nako e tla hlokahala eseng feela bakeng sa lipampiri.
MANTSOE A MABULA HO MAHALA
Lipilisi tse ngata tse bolaeang likokoanyana, li oela mobung, li lula moo ka lilemo tse ngata. Ho bohlokoa ho balemi ba temo ba sebelitseng kapa ba sebelisang baemeli ba ts'ireletso ba semela sa lik'hemik'hale (ho kenyelletsa le ba sa kang ba nahana ho hlophisa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa manyolo) ho tseba mantsoe a mang.
Matsatsi a tšoaetso ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana.
Ho bola ha chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ka phetoho ea eona ho lik'hemik'hale tse nang le tikoloho. Ka sekhahla sa ho bola, chefo e arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 6:
- - ho senyeha ha likhoeli tse fetang 18,
- - ka tlase ho likhoeli tse 18,
- - ka tlase ho selemo,
- - ho fihlela likhoeli tse 6,
- - ho fihlela likhoeli tse 3,
- - ka tlase ho likhoeli tse 3.
MLC (Litekanyetso tsa Tsamaiso e Ntle) meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana lihlahisoa tsa lijo le tsa phepelo, mobung le linthong tse ling tsa tlhaho, e thehiloe motheong oa liphetho tsa ho ithuta chefo ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana bakeng sa likokoana-hloko. Lijo le lijo tsa liphoofolo tsa polasing tse nang le DOC e ngata ea bonyane ntho e le 'ngoe ha lia lumelloa.
MDU. Palo e lekaneng e lumellang ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana kapa lintho tse ling tse nang le chefo lijong le ho fepa liphoofolo tsa polasing, e bolokehileng hore e ka sebelisoa.
Ho phehella ha chefo ea meriana. Nako ea lik'hemik'hale tse nang le chefo e bolokela lintho tse chefo tlholeho (sepakapaka, hydrosphere, mobu).
Ho latela nako ea ho baballa thepa e nang le chefo (keketseho ea ho phehella), meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 6:
- - Ho boloka thepa ka nako e ka tlase ho likhoeli tse 3,
- - ho fihlela likhoeli tse 6,
- - ho fihlela selemo se le seng,
- - ho fihlela likhoeli tse 18,
- - ho fihlela lilemo tse 2,
- - lilemo tse fetang 2.
Ho ipapisitse le tikoloho le sebaka se futhumetseng sa tšebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, ho phehella ha moriana ho ka fapana haholo. Fokotsa nako ea ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko tsa eona.
Morero oa kotsi. Tekanyo ea likokoanyana, tekanyo ea kholo ea bokuli kapa ho hasana ha mofoka, ha ts'enyo eo e e bakang ha e fetise litšenyehelo tsa mekhoa ea ts'ireletso (e leng se etsang hore ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa ts'ireletso e se na thuso moruo) kapa ho ba teng ha likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko ha li fokotse chai.
T0.5 (halofo ea bophelo ba chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana). Nako ea ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tikolohong ka 50%.
Ho ba chefo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana. Bokhoni ba litekanyetso tse itseng ho baka tšitiso ea bophelo kapa chefo e mpe le lefu la semela kapa phoofolo.
Phytotoxicity. Kotsi ea chefo e bolaeang limela tse phekotsoeng. Mofuta o mong oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana o ka ama mefuta e le 'ngoe, boemo ba' mele, karolo ea kholo ea kholo ea limela ka mekhoa e fapaneng.
Phekolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e bolaeang likokonyana e lokela ho lula e sebetsa hantle le ho ba moruo ka linako tsohle.
Mekhoa ea Bio-ECOLOGICAL YA MABAPI LE LITLHAKISO TSA BOPHELO
Ke eng hape e ka sebelisang agrochemistry? Lintho tse sebelisang mmele oa Abiotic li sebelisetsoa ho laola likokonyana le mafu a semela: bobebe, ultrasound, lerata, lisebelisoa tse phahameng haholo; mabaka a biotic: likokoana-hloko tse molemo tsa ho loants'oa, limela le limela, limela tse phephetsang, entomophages. Mekhoa ea bophelo bo botle e boetse e sebelisoa khahlano le likokonyana le mafu: maraba, maemo a mocheso, mefuta ea ho senya.
Se ke oa lebala hore limela ha li hloke tšireletso eseng feela mafu, likokonyana le mofoka, empa hape le linthong tse ling tse mpe tsa tikoloho. Tsena ke serame sa tšohanyetso, komello, tšilafalo ea mobu.
Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa ts'ireletso ea limela ke ho fihlela bonngoe ba mmele le tikoloho ka ho theha maemo a phutholohileng bakeng sa kholo ea eona, nts'etsopele, ho hlahisa le khetho e lebisitsoeng ho li-ecocenoses tse tsitsitseng.
Marang-rang a batho (ha ho tluoa mahekeng a 3-5), ka lebaka la bongata le mefuta e fapaneng ea limela le limela, menyetla e thehiloe ho sebetsana le likokonyana le mafu ka matsoho a bona le ho boloka tikoloho e tsitsitse. Libakeng tse kholo, mosebetsi ona o thatafatsoa ke ts'ebeliso ea li-monocultures tse sa khone ho itaola. Eseng lefeela hore esita le Russia ea tsarist, balemi ba ile ba jala boea ba koro le koro ka makhapetla a scythe.
HO HOPA LITLHAKISO TSA BOPHELO
Litšitiso tse ka sehloohong tsa ho fumana litapole tsa manyolo ke mafu, likokonyana le khaello ea phepo e ntle mobung. Litapole li kotsi ka ho khetheha ho li-beetle tsa Colorado, blight ea morao-rao, li-nematode tsa phytopathogenic le mafu a vaerase.
Ha ho hlophisoa taolo ea likokoana-hloko tsa likokoanyana le mafu, bothata bo bohlokoa ke tšireletso khahlano le kokoana-hloko ea litapole ea Colorado. Kaha ke osele ho tsoa k'honthinenteng ea Amerika, kokoanyana ea litapole ea Colorado ha e na likokoana-hloko tse khethehileng sebakeng sa Europe le Asia, 'me boholo ba tsona li tlameha ho hlahisoa (tse tsoang) ka ntle ho naha. Ntle le moo, maleshoane le batho ba baholo ba kokoanyana ea litapole ea Colorado ba chefo, 'me ha se liphoofolo tsohle tse sa sireletsehang tse ka li jang. Metsoako ea rona ea lehae e ntse e tloaela butle butle le mojaki oa Amerika le ho e otla le ho feta.
Makhoaba a lilemo tse 4 (qetellong ea nts'etsopele), li-pronymphos le batho ba baholo ba mofuta oa kokoanyana ea litapole tsa Colorado ba fumanoa mobung, ka hona ha ba khonehe ho meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana.
Khahlano le mehato ena ea likokoanyana, biologics e thehiloeng ho entomopathogenic nematode (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) le li-biologics tse ling tsa microbiological (Bitoxibacillin, Boverin, Novodor) li sebelisoa. Litharollo tse sebetsang tsa li-biologics tsena li tšoara manyolo kapa manyolo ka nako ea ho tloha fats'e bakeng sa ho ts'oasa liphoofotsoana tsa lilemo tse 4 kapa batho ba baholo bakeng sa mariha. Lirosa tse kenang tsa entomopathogenic nematode li kena mobung, li kenella ho eona ebe li batla bahlaseluoa ba tsona, likokoana-hloko tsa mobu tse entomopathogenic li etsa likolone mobung.
Likokoana-hloko tsa Entomopathogenic li bolaea likokoanyana, li li baka ho ba le lefu le itseng - septicemia - ebe li theha likolone tsa tsona ka har'a kokoanyana e shoeleng. Libaktheria tse ikatisang moo li iphepa ka mekhahlelo ea saprophytic ea entomopathogenic nematodes ka hare ho likokoanyana tse amehileng, tse fetang moo melokong e latellanang. Kamora hore lijo tsa li-nematode tse ka hare ho kokoanyana li fele, li emisa ho hlaha mothating oa liboko tse hlaselang. Ebe ba siea kokoanyana e shoeleng, ba ea batla bahlaseluoa ba bacha.
'Meleng oa kokoanyana e le' ngoe ea litapole tsa Colorado, ho ka hlahisoa mefuta e ka bang 200 ea tlhaselo e kenang ea entomopathogenic nematode. Li-Nematode li theha libaka tse kholo (000 cm cm ka bophara) ho potoloha likokoanyana tse shoeleng, tseo, ha masimong a litapole a na le kokoana-hloko e ngata ke mofuta oa kokoanyana ea litapole tsa Colado, butle-butle a kopane, a ahlola lefu la makhoaba a lilemo li 15 kapa a moholo. Lefu la kokoanyana ea litapole tsa Colorado mobung le fihla ho 20-4%, e leng se fokotsang kotsi ea ho ata ha lijalo tsa litapole selemong se tlang sebakeng se sirelelitsoeng.
Nakong ea selemo, hammoho le lehlomela la pele la litapole, likokoanyana hang-hang li hlaha li tsoa mobung libakeng tseo ho luloang lijalo kapa li tsoang libakeng tse ling (kokoanyana ea Colado e ka koahelang sebaka se bohōle ba lik'hilomithara tse 'maloa). Motsoako oa likokoanyana tsa selemo ke tsona tse nyane ka ho fetisisa, ka hona ho lokela ho lebisoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng mohatong ona o khethehileng oa ho holisa kokoanyana (molemong oa ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea eona e tsoetseng pele). Ka nako ena, ho hlokahala hore ho hlahisoe likokoana-hloko tsa kokoanyana e jang nama Pikromerus, Perillus, Podizus.
Makhoaba a likokoanyana, ao ka nako ena a sa fumaneng lijo tse ling, tse loketseng hantle, li senya 70-80% ea li-beetle tsa Colorado li tsoa mobung ebe li tsoa ka ntle. Likhechana tsa pele tsa mahe a kokoanyana ea litapole tsa Colorado hangata li angoa ke mafu a tlhaho ea fungal, ka lebaka la mongobo o mongata o phahameng nakong ena ea selemo.
Nakong ea selemo, ho eletsoa ho etsa kalafo ka sehlahisoa sa likokoana-hloko Boverin, se sebetsang khahlanong le mahe a Colorado litapole maleshoane. Ntle le moo, khahlano le mahe a Colorado litapole maleshoane, ho lokolloa ha bongata ba likokoanyana tse jang mahe tse jang li-endoparasite le ba jang mahe a lehae - li-larvae tsa lacewings, li-larvae le imago ea bo-ladybugs, liboko tsa kamele e tloaelehileng le liboko tsa lintsintsi tsa sirfid lia etsoa. Lilemo tse 1.
Ntle le se kaholimo, ho maleshoane le batho ba baholo ba mofuta oa kokoanyana ea litapole ea Colorado, lintho tse bobebe tse nyane ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng li parasisa, tse khetholloang habonolo ke ho ba sieo ha methapo e fetang mapheo.
Leha ho le joalo, mehato ena kaofela e ke ke ea tiisetsa ho lema litapole ho batho ba baholo ba fallang ba likokoanyana tsa litapole tsa Colorado. Ho falla ha li-beetle libakeng tse ling ho tsoela pele nakong eohle ea litapole tse ntseng li hola ebile hangata ho hlokomolohuoa boiteko bo tsoelang pele ba ho hlahisa biomethod. Mabapi le sena, ho lema litapole ho hapa, ho pota-potiloe ke meru, mabanta a moru kapa litšitiso tse ling tse ka sitoang bakeng sa likokoanyana tse fallang.
Bakeng sa prophylaxis, nakong eohle ea ho hola, li-entomophages tsa lehae li hlahisoa nako le nako (li hlahisoa ka tlhaho) (hape li hoheloa ho sebelisoa limela: cosme, chamomile, artichoke ea Jerusalema, dill) ho boloka semelo se sirelletsang ho maleshoane a litapole le li-vector tsa mafu a vaerase - hoaba, li-leafhoppers le likokoana-hloko tse jang limela. Ntoa e khahlano le globoderosis e etsoa ke temo ea nako e telele libakeng tsa lijalo tse ke keng tsa angoa ke nematode ea khauta.
Ha ho lema litapole, ho khothalletsoa ho sebelisa lihlahisoa tsa biological tse kenyang letsoho ho theheng tsamaiso e matla ea metso.
Metso ea metso e hola ka potlako ho feta ea likokonyana tse jalang, ka lebaka la hore lihlahla tsa litapole li "baleha" tlhaselo ea nematode mme li khone ho qeta limela ntle le ho hlokofatsoa haholo ke lerooa la motso.
Litapole li ka lengoa libakeng tse se nang li-globose feela kamora lilemo tse ka bang hlano tsa ho lema lijalo tse sa sebetsoang ho tsona, ho seng joalo ha ho na feela ho bokellana ha pathogen mobung, empa hape le monyetla oa ho hlaha le ho bokellana ha mefuta e mecha ea litapole tsa litapole. Haeba ho lema mefuta ea litapole tse sa hlokeng litapole tsa nematode ho etsoa ho latela se boletsoeng esale pele, e leng mofuta oa litapole o qhekelloang ke lefu la globose, ka hona sena se ka baka motsoako oa mefuta e fapaneng, e leng kotsi haholo merakeng ea peo.
Mohato oa thibelo ho loants'oa litla-morao tsa litapole ke ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa tlhaho ea boemo ba kholo le nts'etsopele ea lihlahla tsa litapole (ho lekola), ka sepheo sa ho fumanwa ka nako, ho kenella naheng le ho felisoa ha lijalo tsa pele tse nang le mafu. Karolong ea ho qala ha lipalesa, matšoao a tšoaetso ea lefu la litapole a bonahala haholo.
Limela li salletse kholo ea kholo le kholo: joalo ka ha e le molao, tsena ke lihlahla tse ntle haholo ka lithupa tse peli kapa tse peli tse tšesaane tse makhasi a koahetsoeng ka makhasi a nang le lekhasi le sentsoeng, leo pele le fumanang 'mala o bobebe ho chlorosis e tsebahalang haholo. Ho tsebahatsoa ha limela tse kulang le ho tlosoa ha tsona ka nako ho thibela tlhahiso e tsoelang pele ea patode ea litapole, ho bokella ka ho fetelletseng hoa molao o hlaselang o kotsi mobung le ho phatlalatsoa ha lefu lena libakeng tse lokolohileng le masimong a haufi.
Li-entomophage li loana ka thata le bajari ba mafu a vaerase (makhopho a herbivorous, aphid, cicadas).
Ho hohela batho ba bang ba li-entomofauna tse fumanehang sebakeng seo, ba theha "lihlekehleke tsa polokeho" tse ikhethang tseo sekhele se fapaneng, se sefapano le lipalesa tsa Asteraceae se hlahisoang: mohlala, dill, coriander, sunflower, clover, yarrow, chamomile. Ba hohela li-ladybugs, likamele, bohareng ba maqhubu, likhoele, likhoele tsa tlhaho, sirfid, jj. Hape, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhaho e bitsoang Entomoftorin e fana ka litholoana tse ntle.
Mehato e hlalositsoeng e fana ka tšireletso e tšepahalang khahlanong le likokonyana le mafu ho pholletsa le nako ea ho hola.
TLHALOSO EA MOTSOALLE E MAHALA
Mosebetsi oa ho fumana chai ea litapole e se nang litapole e ntse e tsoela pele Setsing sa Thupelo ea All-Russia sa Temo ea Temo se bitsoang ka mor'a moo A.G. Lorch ho tloha 1985. Ho theosa le lilemo, Setsi se thehile lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko khahlanong le blight ea morao-rao, kokoanyana ea litapole tsa Colorado, likokoanyana tse ling le maloetse: Activator-A, Diprin le Nematol. Litokomane tsa mahlale le mahlale (melawana, maemo a tekheniki (TU) le likhothaletso bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea tsona li ntlafalitsoe. Lithethefatsi tsena li kentse letsoho ho foliseng limela, li eketsa ho se sireletsehe ha 'mele oa tsona' me li bonts'itse katleho ho loantšeng blight ea morao-rao (haholo-holo hammoho le koporo ea sulfate (0.01%), e nang le fungistatic thepa).
Lihlahisoa tsohle tse lekiloeng tsa likokoana-hloko li bonts'a ts'ebetso e phahameng ea nematicidal, fungicidal le entomocidal, mme maemong a kopo ea Diprin keketseho ea lihlahisoa e ne e le kholo ka ho fetisisa (1.9 t / ha), eo re e hlalosang ka thepa ea biostimulating ea lihlahisoa tsa karohano tsa nematode Pristionchus uniformis molao-motheo o sebetsang oa lithethefatsi. Lihlahisoa tse tsebahalang tsa bioloji tsa baktheria (Bitoxibacillin, Novodor), vaerase (VIRIN-OS), fungal (Boverin) le semelo sa nematode (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) le tsona li sebelisitsoe ka katleho.
Ho latela liphetho tsa lilemo tse ngata tse hlokometsoeng masimong a litapole VNIIKH. A.G. Lerch mabapi le ho hlokomela mefuta-futa ea lihlahisoa, biocenosis ea litapole e na le tloaelo e tsitsitseng ea ho koetela. Ka 2017-2018 Ho ile ha bonoa ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha boholo ba mefuta eohle ea li-biocenoses tse ithutoang ke rona. Palo ea baahi ea li-entomophages, haholo li-ladybugs le li-sirfids, ba pollinter: li-bumblebees le linotsi tsa mahe a linotsi, li fokotsehile. Ho li-entomophage, ke mpa feela ea nyooko ea aphidymysis le lacewing e ileng ea eketseha.
Khamphani ea li-agro-indasteri ea lihlahisoa tsa lihlahisoa tsa tikoloho ea Redkinskaya e bitsoang Organic Peo le litapole tsa Ware e sebakeng se loketseng bakeng sa litapole tse holang (motse oa Koshelevo, Setereke sa Konakovsky, Setereke sa Tver) o qalile ho etsa tlhahiso ea litapole tsa manyolo ka 2013. Tlas'a phetoho ea lijalo tsa manyolo lihekthere tse 200 li ile tsa ajoa. Setifikeiti sa temo ea manyolo se fumanoe, se fanoe motheong oa Article 29 (1) ea Molao oa EU oa Naha 834/2007 le EU Regulation No. 889/2008 ke Setsi sa Tsamaiso ea Khampani ea Boikarabello le Tlhahlobo ea State Limited (Latvia).
Ha ho lema peo ea manyolo le litapole tsa ware, meriana e bolaeang likokonyana le manyolo a manyolo e ne e se sebelisoa. Ho fumanoe mofuta oa li-tubers tsa manyolo a mefuta ea litapole: Zhukovsky pejana (lithane tse 110), Kladodez (lithane tse 11), Kuznechanka (lithane tse 116), Layla (lithane tse 6), Lyubava (lithane tse 210), Nevsky (lithane tse 187), Red Scarlett (lithane tse 358) , Romano (55 t), Tuleevsky (73 t), Luck (100 t), Violet (3 t), e nang le lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa 12-14 t / ha. Ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa ea tlhaho ea tlhaho le ts'ireletso ea litapole e fane ka keketseho ea chai ea 20-60% ha e bapisoa le taolo e sa sebetsoang. Motheong oa data ea liteko, 'mapa oa theknoloji oa ho lema mefuta ea litapole tsa litapole o sa sebelisoeng.