Ho latela FAO (2011), ts'ebeliso ea lefats'e ea litapole le lihlahisoa tsa litapole ho motho ka mong e ka ba 35 kg ka selemo, ha karolelano ea sebaka sohle sa Europe e le 85 kg ka capita. le Russia - 90 lik'hilograma ka motho.
Boris Anisimov, moeletsi oa nts'etsopele ea mananeo a mahlale le thuto - hlooho ea setsi sa thuto sa Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIKH
Russia Federation, karolelano ea selemo le selemo ea litapole tse sebelisetsoang lijo e hakanyetsoa ho lithane tse limilione tse 13-14. Bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tebileng ea lihlahisoa tsa litapole (li-fries tsa French, li-chips, litapole tse omisitsoeng) ho sebelisoa litone tse ka bang milone e le 'ngoe. Tlhoko ea litapole tsa peo bakeng sa mekhahlelo ea mekhatlo ea temo (AHOs), mapolasi a balemi (PFHs) le bo-rakhoebo ka bomong (IEs) ba nang le sebaka sa ho lema se fetang lihekthere tse likete tse 1 se hakanyetsoa ho lithane tse ka bang milone e le 'ngoe. Ho thata haholo ho hakanya boholo ba ts'ebeliso ea litapole bakeng sa peo le phepelo ea mehlape sehlopheng sa malapa, leha palo e hakantsoeng mona e kanna ea ba lithane tse limilione tse 300-1. Tahlehelo nakong ea polokelo mapolasing a mekhahlelo eohle e ka hakanyetsoa ho lithane tse limilione tse 5, thepa ea kantle ho naha - lithane tse likete tse 6-1,5.
Kahoo, Russia, boemo ba phepelo ea litapole tse hlahisoang kahara naha e lokela ho ba bonyane lithane tse limilione tse 22. Phokotso ea boemo bona e ka kenyelletsa khaello ho tekano e akaretsang ea litapole tse rekisoang, mme, ka lebaka leo, keketseho ea karolo ea thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha. Karolo e lebelletsoeng ea kantle ho naha ka kakaretso ea litapole tse jeoang e hakanyetsoa ho lithane tse 300-350 tse likete. Tsena ke litapole tsa "bacha" haholo-holo, tse batloang haholo 'me li eketsa thekiso ka liketane tsa mabenkele selemong se seng, ha sethala sa lihlahisoa tsa lijalo selemong se fetileng se batla se fela (ka Mots'eanong), bonyane likhoeli tse ling tse peli.
Moreki oa sejoale-joale o ikemiselitse haholo ho reka litapole tse nang le li-tubers tsa boleng bo holimo, ponahalo e khahlehang mme, e le molao, letlalo le benyang le ponahalo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, sebopeho le boholo ba li-tubers, botebo ba mahlo, 'mala oa lekhapetla le makhasi, ho ba sieo ha likoli tsa kantle le tsa kahare tse bakoang ke tloaelo ea mefuta e meng ho kholo ea sekhahla (kholo e kholo), sebopeho sa mapatso a kholo, ho se sebetse hantle, phetoho ea' mala oa makhasi ('mala o mong) le tse ling li bohlokoa. liphoso tsa kahare tse ka hlahang ka har'a methapo ka lebaka la mefuta eohle ea tšusumetso ea tlhaho le boemo ba leholimo nakong ea kholo ea limela kapa tšenyo ea mochini, haholo nakong ea kotulo, lipalangoang le ho hlopha.
Sebopeho sa li-tubers tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea tafole se ka fapana ho tloha ho potoloha ho isa ho bolelele, boholo bo tloaelehileng ba bophara bo boholo bo fetohang ke 40-60 mm, botebo ba mahlo bo tloha ho nyane ho isa bohareng, 'mala oa lekhapetleng o tsoa ho o mosoeu ho isa ho o mofubelu,' mala oa nama o tšoeu - tranelate - bosehla. Ho rarahana hohle ha lits'oants'o tsena haholo ho khetholla litšoaneleho tsa bareki tsa litapole tsa tafole le monyetla oa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea ho pheha lijana tse fapaneng mme hangata ho khetholla botumo ba mefuta le tlhoko ea tsona 'marakeng oa lehae oa litapole tsa thekiso, haholo ha li rekisoa ho liketane tsa sejoale-joale tsa thekiso.
Naha ea litapole ke Amerika Boroa, moo "moetlo" ona o ileng oa tsebahala ka 12 BC. e. lebopong le ka leboea-bophirima la Peru. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, litapole tse lenngoeng li tlisitsoe ho tloha Amerika ho ea Europe (Spain) ka 500. Peter the Great o ile a romela litapole tsa pele ho tloha Russia ho ea Netherlands nakong ea leeto la hae Europe. Boiteko ba pele ba ho tsamaisa litapole ho la Russia hangata bo ne bo sa atlehe ka lebaka la hore li-tubers li ne li hoamme nakong ea thomello. Ka lebaka lena, ka 1565, komisi ea bongaka e ile ea romella lipeo tsa Siberia tse bokelitsoeng ka jareteng ea limela ea St. Petersburg hore e abeloe "bourgeois" le "lihahi tse ntle tsa matlo". Ilimsk, ofisi ea voivode e fetisetse peo ea 1769 g ho A. Berezovsky, ea atlehileng ho lema lipeo le ho fumana li-tubers. Ho ea ka V.S.Lekhnovich, A. Berezovsky, a sa tsebe, o ile a khetha khetho ea pele ea litapole Siberia, mohlomong le Russia.
NTS'ELISITSOE TLALI
Kajeno, mehopolo mabapi le boleng ba phepo e nepahetseng ea litapole e le sehlahisoa sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa phepong ea batho e fetoha ka mokhoa o hlakileng, e leng haholo-holo ka lebaka la nts'etsopele e tebileng ea khetho mabapi le ho eketsa boleng ba phepo ea litapole, le lithuto tse tebileng lefapheng la sebopeho sa eona sa biochemical.
Lilemong tse 50-100 tse fetileng, tsebo ea rona ea lik'hemik'hale tsa lijo le boleng ba 'mele ba likarolo tsa eona (le li-complexes) li eketsehile haholo. Sena sohle se bohlokoa ho elelloa moahong oa mohopolo oa sejoale-joale oa phepo ea motho, eseng feela ho khotsofatsa maikutlo a tlala, empa le ho latela phepo e nepahetseng. Mokhoa ona o qobella ho lekola bocha likarolo tsohle tsa methapo ea litapole.
Boleng ba phepo ea litapole bo ikemiselitsoe haholo ka tekanyo e loketseng ea limatlafatsi tse bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa li-tubers (starch, protheine, mafura, livithamini, liminerale, li-antioxidants tsa anthocyanin le tlhaho ea carotenoid le likarolo tse ling).
Ka nako e ts'oanang, lefats'eng lingoliloeng tse fumanehang ka har'a limatlafatsi tsa litapole li fapana haholo. Taba ke hore sebopeho sa biochemical ea li-tubers se ipapisitse le lintlha tse ngata: mefuta e fapaneng, mobu le maemo a leholimo, manyolo, theknoloji e holang, ho butsoa, mebuso ea polokelo, jj Nako ea litlhahlobo (hoetla kapa selemo) le eona e ama litholoana.
Litsebi tsa machabeng ka har'a moralo oa Mokhatlo oa Ts'ebelisano ea Moruo le Nts'etsopele (OECD) li lumellane ka matšoao a tloaelehileng bakeng sa litaba tsa limatlafatsi tsa motheo le ho fokotseha ha tsona ka lebaka la lintlha tse fapaneng (tafole 1 leqepheng la 22).
Bohlokoa ba litapole phepo ea motho le bona bo bakoa ke likahare tsa likarolo tse kang livithamini, diminerale, li-acid tsa tlhaho (Tafole ea 2).
Ho ba le bokhoni bo phahameng ba ho lekana le litaba tsa ascorbic acid mme haholo lintho tsa bohlokoa - li-antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), litapole li ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa phetohong ea maloetse a 'maloa, mme ntlheng ena, e e 'ngoe ea lijo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lijong tsa motho tse phetseng hantle.
Ka lebaka la tsebo le mehopolo ea sejoale-joale, bohlokoa ba likarolo tsa motsoako oa litapole ho tloha ntlheng ea pono ea lijo tse phetseng hantle tsa motho li hlahlojoa ka tsela e fapaneng.
Ho bile bohlokoa haholo hore tuber ea litapole e na le metsi a mangata (75% kapa ho feta) mme mohopolo oa matla ka booona (ke hore, bongata ba limatlafatsi ka 100 kcal) bo batla bo le tlase. Ho litapole, mohopolo ona o batla o lekana le index ea matla e hlokoang ke 'mele oa motho nakong ea tšilo ea lijo le ho kopanya lijo. Ho ea ka eona, litapole li fihlela litlhoko tsa motho e moholo ha li bapisoa le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa lijo tsa semela le tsa liphoofolo.
TS'EPANG. Sena ke karolo ea mantlha ea litapole le lijo tsa eona tsa mantlha le seriti sa moruo (moruo). Ka har'a tuber e ncha, ka karolelano, karolo ea starch e ka ba 17,5% (phallo ea phallo ea 8,0-29%) kapa 75-80% maemong a omileng.
Starch e sa tsoakoang e ke ke ea ananeloa ke batho. Leha ho le joalo, kamora kalafo ea mocheso (mohlala, ho pheha), ts'oaetso ea eona e eketseha haholo - ho fihlela ho 90%. Re lokela ho hopola hore ka pampitšaneng ea meno ea motho, starch e hokelloa butle-butle (ka bohato) ke li-enzyme tsa amylolytic ho tsoekere, 'me ke eona feela ea morao-rao e kenyellelitsoeng potolohong ea' mele ea motho.
Starch ea litapole ka pampitšaneng ea motho ea masapo ha e silehe ka ho felletseng ho tsoekere e bonolo; karolo e 'ngoe ea eona e sa koaeloang e kena maleng a maholo. Sena ke se bitsoang "starch e sirelelitsoeng". Ho ea ka tlhaiso-leseling e ncha ea bongaka, starch ena ke karolo ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa microbiota ea colon ea motho.
Phello ea 'mele ea "starch e sirelelitsoeng" ke hore ho hlaka ha eona ka microflora ea mala ho khothaletsa sebopeho sa li-acid tse tsoang ka hare, hammoho le lintho tse bitsoang li-ballast, tse sitisang kholo ea lisele tsa "carcinogenic cell". Ho qetela ho bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa thibelo ea mofets'e oa mala.
Protheine (RAW protheine).
Protheine e sa tsoakoang ka har'a litapole e batla e le tlase ebile e ka ba 2% (0,69-4,63%). Leha ho le joalo, ha e bue ka bongata feela, empa hape le ka boleng ba protheine ea litapole. Karo-karolelano ea li-amino acid tsa bohlokoa le tse sa hlokahaleng ho eona e bohlokoa haholo (e batla e lekana le liprotheine tse tsoang liphoofolong), ka hona, protheine ea litapole e nkuoa e le bohlokoa haholo, e atamela ka likaroloana tsa karolo e fetang 80% ho protheine ea lehe la kana. Ts'oaetso ea protheine ea litapole ka pampitšaneng ea meno ea motho e kaholimo ho 90%. Har'a liprotheine tsa meroho tse tsoang limela tse lenngoeng, protheine ea litapole e na le boleng ba boleng bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa; ho latela boleng ba eona ba phepo e nepahetseng ke ea bobeli ho liprotheine tsa liphoofolo (nama, lebese, mahe a kana). Hona joale hoa tsebahala hore protheine ea litapole e na le li-amino acid tse ngata tse nang le lysine le sebabole.
Ho latela litsebi tsa phepo e tsoang UK, phepong ea batho ba sejoale-joaleHo bohlokoa ke karolelano e nepahetseng ea mefuta ea lihlahisoa. Ho feta moo, phepelong e phetseng hantle, tekanyo e ntle ka ho fetisisa e nkoa ha karolo ea litapole, bohobe le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa mabele e le bonyane 33%, meroho le litholoana - 33%, lebese le lihlahisoa tsa lebese - 15%, nama, tlhapi le lihlahisoa tse ling - 12 %, lihlahisoa tse nang le mafura le tsoekere - 7%.
Proteine ea litapole e na le li-amino acid tse 8 tsa bohlokoa. Karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea vithamine C e fihlella litapole. Ha o sebelisa litapole tse 20 g tse phehiloeng ka peel mme o peeled pele ho ts'ebeliso, 'mele oa motho o fumana 100 g ea lik'habohaedreite, 20 g ea protheine, 2 g ea mafura le 0,1 g ea fiber, leha lipalo tsena li ka fapana ho latela mabaka a fapaneng.
Bohareng ba lekholo la XVIII. litapole li ne li se li atile hohle Europe, 'me nakong ea puso ea Catherine II, e ile ea qala ho lengoa Russia libakeng tse fapaneng tsa naha.
Butle-butle batho ba Europe ba ile ba ithuta ho fumana lijalo tse phahameng tsa litapole. Sena se ne se le bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa lihoai tse tlase-tlase le batho ba lulang litoropong, bao ka linako tsohle ba neng ba khona ho iphelisa le malapa a bona, haholoholo lilemong tsa ho hloka lijalo. Kahoo, litapole e ile ea e-ba mofuta oa tiiso ea polokeho ea lijo. Sengoli se seholo sa Russia, L.N. Tolstoy o ile a bua ka maemo ana mesebetsing ea hae ea bongoli ha a ne a ithuta lisosa tsa tlala ea Russia qetellong ea lekholo la boXNUMX la lilemo. O ne a lumela hore litapole tse ka har'a lijo tsa balemi ba marang-rang ba Russia ho isa bohōleng bo itseng li nkile bohobe 'me li ba thusa ho phela lilemong tsa tlala.
Moetlo ona o boetse o pholositse bophelo ba limilione eseng feela lilemong tsa ho senyeha ha lijalo, empa hape le nakong ea lintoa tsa Europe lilemong tse makholo a mararo tse fetileng.
E ne e ikemiselitse ka matla hore nako e telele ho phatloha hoa palo ea batho Europe ho XVIII-XIX makholo a lilemo. e ne e amahanngoa le taba ea hore lilemong tseo lijong tsa Maeurope ho ne ho e-na le lik'hilograma tse 400 tsa litapole (motho a le mong ka selemo), hammoho le lebese le lihlahisoa tsa lebese tse lekaneng. Motsoako oa lihlahisoa tsena o netefalitse boleng ba phepo ea baahi.
FATS. Lintho tse nang le mafura litapole ha li na letho, tseo ka bo lona e leng tsa bohlokoa morerong oa ho ja ha ho etsoa lijana tse fapaneng le ho pheha lijo. Leha ho le joalo, sebopeho sa li-acid tse mafura se bohlokoa haholo - haholo-holo ka lebaka la likarolo tsa bohlokoa tse kang linoleic tse sa phetseng hantle (hoo e ka bang 50% ea litapole tse mafura) le li-linolenic tse ka bang makhetlo a mararo (hoo e ka bang 20%).
LIEKETSO BALLAST.
Nako e telele, seo ho thoeng ke likhoele tsa limela se 'nile sa nyenyefatsoa ke litsebi tsa phepo. Lintho tsa Ballast li bolela, pele ho tsohle, likarolo tse sa hloneheng tsa lisele tsa semela tse kang lik'habohaedreite (selulose, pectins, hemicellulose, lignin), tse etsang mesebetsi ea bohlokoa, e fapaneng haholo ts'ebetsong ea tšilo ea lijo, e susumetsang metabolism. Li bapala karolo e kholo ho ja hantle. Ho netefalitsoe hore lintho tsena ke karolo ea limatlafatsi bakeng sa microbiota ea mala a maholo a motho. Sena ke "mpa ea bobeli"; manyolo acid a thehoa ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko a ama metabolism ea motho ka mafolofolo.
Likhoele tsa limela tse sa koaeloang li sebetsa e le adsorbent bakeng sa metsi, likhase le lintho tse ling tse sa hlokahaleng, tse thusang ho li tlosa 'meleng. Le ha palo ea lintho tsena ka har'a li-tubers e le tlase (2,5%), karolo ea 200 g ea litapole e khotsofatsa hoo e ka bang kotara ea tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa likarolo tsena tseo motho a li hlokang.
Liminerale.
Litapole tubers li na le bongata bo boholo ba macro le microelements, tse phethang karolo ea bohlokoa metabolism. Ka ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea 200 g ea litapole, tlhoko ea motho ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea khotsofatsoa: ka potasiamo - ka 30%, magnesium - 15-20%, phosphorus - 17%, koporo - 15%, tšepe - 14%, mankanese - 13%, iodine - 6% le ka fluorine - ka 3%.
VITAMINS... Litapole li na le mefuta e fapaneng ea livithamini tse thusang batho, haholo-holo tse qhibilihang metsing, empa bongata ba tsona li-tubers bo na le liphetoho tse kholo. Ho bohlokoa haholo ke vithamine ea C (10-20 mg / 100 g fr wt), e phahameng hanyane ho feta ea liapole (10 mg / 100 g fr wt). Nakong ea ho pheha, 10-20% ea vithamine ena e lahlehile.
Ka 1902, setsebi sa thuto ea 'mele sa Jeremane sa' mele se amanang le bohloeki se ile sa tiisa hore protheine ea litapole e maemong a holimo haholo, ho kenyelletsa le litaba tsa amino acid tse bohlokoa. Kamora nako, liphumano tsena li netefalitsoe khafetsa Bopaki bo khahlisang ka ho fetisisa molemong oa bona bo fanoe ka 1965 ke litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba 'mele ba Jeremane, E. Kofrani le F. Dzhekat, ba fumaneng hore litapole le mahe a likhoho li lekana ka boleng ba protheine,' me liteko tsa bona tsa tekano li bontšitse hore boleng bo phahameng ba protheine lijong bo na le. motsoako oa litapole le boima ba lehe (karolelano 65:35, i.e motsoako oa litapole tse 500 g ka lehe le le leng). Mofuputsi oa Senyesemane A. Jones o hlokometse hore litaba tsa liprotheine tse lijaneng tsa litapole li fapana haholo ho latela mokhoa oa ho itokisetsa: ka litapole tse tloaelehileng tse phehiloeng - 1,5%, ka furu - 2,8%, ka furu - 3,8%, le ho li-flakes tsa litapole tse halikiloeng - ho fihlela ho 6%.
Ka tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea litapole tse 300 g, tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi e ka khotsofatsoa: vithamine C ka 70%, B6 ka 36%, B1 ka 20%, pantothenic acid ka 16%, le B2 ka 8%.
ANTHOCIANS LE CAROTINOIDS.
Ka lebaka la mehopolo e mecha mabapi le karolo ea phepo e nepahetseng ea phepo e nepahetseng ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba batho, litapole li nkuoa e le e 'ngoe ea lijalo tsa bohlokoa tse nang le monyetla o moholo bakeng sa litaba tsa li-antioxidants, haholo-holo li-anthocyanins le carotenoids, tse matlafatsang sesole sa' mele sa motho.
Ho litapole, li-flavonoids tsena li ikarabella bakeng sa 'mala o moputsoa, o pherese, o mofubelu, oa lamunu,' mala o mosehla o khanyang oa letlalo le nama ea li-tubers. Ke li-pigment tsena tse nang le boleng bo boholo e le mehloli ea li-antioxidants ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona ba ho lokolla mahlaseli a mahala a oksijene 'meleng oa motho. Hona joale hoa tsebahala hore lijo tse nang le li-antioxidants li thusa ho fokotsa kotsi ea atherosclerosis, mefuta e meng ea mofets'e, liphetoho tse amanang le lilemo tsa 'mala oa letlalo, lera la mahlo, jj.
Litlhahlobo tse bapisoang li bonts'itse hore mefuta e nang le "yellow" e khanyang, lamunu, e khubelu, le pherese e pherese li khetholotsoe haholo ka makhapetla a tšoeu a li-tubers ka har'a anthocyanins le carotenoids (Lethathamo 3).
Phapang ea ho fetoha hoa maemo ho aneng ka anthocyanins ka litapole tse nang le pigment e bolelele ba 9,5-37,8 mg ka 100 g ea boima ba li-tubers. Litebello tsa ntlafatso e tsoetseng pele ea litšobotsi ntlheng ena li etsa hore ho be bonolo ho beha litapole ka makhapetla a mebala holima lijalo tsa bohlokoa tsa meroho tse kang broccoli, pepere e khubelu ea bell le sipinachi, tse tsebahalang ka thepa ea bona ea antioxidant. Litapole tse nang le nama ea mosehla ke khale li ratoa linaheng tse ngata tsa lefats'e ka lebaka la litaba tse phahameng tsa li-carotenoids.
Boithuto ba sejoale-joale bo tiisa monyetla oa ntlafatso e kholo ea matšoao ana ho latela popo ea mefuta e nang le 'mala o moputsoa o bosehla, oa lamunu le khubelu, ka lebaka la litaba tse holimo tsa carotenoids (500-800 mg ka 100 g ea boima ba metsi). Le katleho e itekanetseng ho khethoa ntlheng ena e ka ba ea bohlokoa haholo phepong ea batho ea phepo e nepahetseng 'me ea fana ka tšusumetso e ncha ho nts'etsopele ea tlhahiso ea litapole e le sejalo sa bohlokoa lefatšeng ka bophara.
Ka nako e kgutshwane, re ka lebella seo mefuta e nang le 'mala o mosehla, oa lamunu, o mofubelu le o pherese o tla tsebahala haholo,' me monehelo oa bona phepelong ea phepo ea batho o tla eketseha.
Kahoo, ho lekola karolo ea litapole phepo ea batho ba sejoale-joale, ho ka boleloa ntle le ho fetelletsa litaba hore litapole tsa litapole ha se lijo feela, empa le meriana. Li chekiloe hantle ebile lia ananeloa, ha li na li-allergen, li ka sebelisoa lijong tse ikhethileng tsa protheine, lijong moo ho hlokahalang ho fokotsa acidity, jj.
Leha ho le joalo, ha rea lokela ho lebala hore litapole ke tsa lelapa le haufinyane, le khethiloeng ke litaba tsa alkaloid tse ling tse amang hampe bophelo ba motho. Litapole li na le nitrate, tšepe tse boima le acrylamide. Sena sohle se tlameha ho nahanoa ha u sebelisa li-tubers tsa litapole bakeng sa lijo.
Melemo ea kalafo ea litapole e se e tsejoa ho tloha khale. Haholo-holo ka mor'a ho ata ha litapole Europe ho felile mafu a seoa. Jusi ea litapole e sa tsoa sebelisoa ho phekola ulcer ea ka mpeng le seso sa duodenal. Litapole ke e 'ngoe ea lijo tse fuoang bakuli ba nang le mafu a liphio le pelo. Ka lipalesa le litapole tsa litapole, ho ile ha fumanoa moemeli ea matlafatsang oa capillary.
Tomoso ea glycoalkaloid e fumanehang litapole e na le ts'ebetso ea lithibela-mafu khahlanong le li-fungus tse itseng tsa pathogenic le libaktheria, hammoho le antihistamine ketsahalo, eo e leng ea bohlokoa kalafong ea lintho tse kulang.
Metsing a setso, litapole tse tala li tšeloa libakeng tse anngoeng ke mocheso, eczema le mafu a mang a letlalo. Ka mouoane oa litapole tse nang le inhaling, catarrh ea phepelo e phahameng ea ho hema ea phekoloa.
NTHRATES. Joalokaha u tseba, li-tubers tsa litapole li na le nitrate e nyane. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, saense e bokelletse data e lekaneng ho netefatsa hore tšebeliso e itekanetseng ea nitrate ka lijo e na le molemo le bophelong ba motho. 'Meleng oa motho, naetrojene e oela ho li-nitrites,' me tsa morao-rao li bolaea tšoaetso ea methapo ea molomo le seteraeke sa ka mpeng.
Leha ho le joalo, sena se etsahala ka nitrate e itekanetseng. Ha e le hantle, hangata ho tlalehiloe boemo ba nitrate e eketsehileng litapole. E ipapisitse le lintlha tse 'maloa: mefuta e fapaneng, maemo a leholimo le maemo a mobu a ho lema, tekanyetso e phahameng ea menontsha, maemo a polokelo, jj. Likahare tsa nitrate ka litapole lia fokotseha nakong ea ho pheha, ho ebola le ho sebetsana le indasteri (ho hadika, ho omisa, likhase).
SOLANIN... Likarolong tsohle tsa semela sa litapole, incl. methapo e na le steroid e chefo ea glycoalkaloid solanine, e nang le solanine le a-hacoin. Empa mohopolo oa alkaloid ena o tlase: 2-60 mg / kg ea litapole tse ncha. Mohopolo oa Solanine boemong ba 300-500 mg ka 1 kg e nkoa e le kotsi bophelong ba motho. Kaha solanine e bohlokoa molemong oa semela ka boeona e le tšireletso ho lira tsa tlhaho, e tsepame haholo letlalong. Boemo ba mahloriso bo fapane ka mefuta e fapaneng. Nakong ea polokelo le tšenyo ea li-tubers, mahloriso a solanine a eketseha hanyane. Empa motho o lokela ho ela hloko li-tubers tse fetohileng tse tala 'me tsa hlaha lefifing. Khakanyo ea solanine ho tsona e ba kotsi ho bophelo ba motho. Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore solanine ha e senngoe nakong ea ho pheha.
BATHOBALI ba ENZYME (ENZYME) - Joaloka solanine, e sebetsa e le tšireletso bakeng sa li-tubers tsa litapole. Ho batho, ha ba kotsi, kaha ba timetsoa habonolo ke phello ea mocheso.
MAHALA MAHALA. Likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle ke cadmium le lead pele. Leha ho le joalo, litaba tsa tsona litapole li tlase haholo ho feta menyako ea litekanyetso tse amohelehang. Ha u hloekisa, lintho tse ka pele tse nang le litapole li fokotseha ka 80-90%, cadmium - ka 20%. Ha u pheha, boemo ba cadmium bo fokotseha ka e 'ngoe 25-30%; Lintho tse etelletsoeng pele ha li fetohe nakong ea ho pheha.
ACRYLAMIDE ka lihlahisoa tsa litapole e thehoa ho tsoa ho li-amino acid tse sa lefelloeng le ho tsoa ho tsoekere e bonolo (tsoekere, fructose) nakong ea kalafo ea mocheso (ka holimo ho + 1200С) e nang le metsi a fokolang. Ka mocheso o ntseng o eketseha nakong ea ts'ebetso ea li-tubers tsa litapole, palo ea acrylamide ea eketseha.
Batsamaisi ba tseba sena, ka hona ba etsa blanching e eketsehileng mme ba sebelisa mekhoa e meng ea mahlale ho fokotsa sehlahisoa sa acrylamide sehlahisoa sa ho qetela sa litapole (li-chips, li-fries tsa Mafora).
Har'a litšoaneleho tsa bohlokoa tsa ho jella tse khethollang mofuta oa litapole tsa mefuta ea litapole, tekanyo ea phapang ea lijo, letsoalo la pulp, mealy le tuber ea metsi ke tsa bohlokoa haholo. Ho latela litekanyetso tsena, mefuta ea litapole e arotsoe ka Mefuta e 4 ea bohloeki: ho tloha ka salate e seng e ka mpeng (mofuta oa Cary) ho ea ho mefuta e meng ea lintho tse tlotsitsoeng le tse halikiloeng (B, C, D) e etselitsoeng ho sebelisoa ha ho etsoa lijana tsa litapole tse khethehileng.
Type A - litapole tsa salate, u se ke oa pheha, li-tubers li lula li le matla nakong ea ho pheha, makhasi a tsona a le letso-letso, eseng a le phofo, eseng metsi.
Mofuta oa B - e chekiloe hanyane, pulp e na le letsoele le lenyane, e nchopi, e na le metsi a manyane. Li-tubers li lekane ho latsoa hantle. E ka sebelisoa bakeng sa lijong tsa lapeng bakeng sa ho pheha sopho le lijana tsa lehlakoreng (tse phehiloeng ka metsing kapa tse halikiloeng, tse phehiloeng kapa tse phehiloeng ka peel, litapole tse khotliloeng kapa li-fries tse entsoeng ka malapeng, jj.).
Mofuta oa C. - e pheha hantle, nama e boreleli ka mokhoa o itekanetseng, e bonolo (e bonolo), ho e-na le ho omella, makhopho a tuber, empa ha e qhalane nakong ea ho pheha. E sebelisoa haholo indastering ea lijo.
Mofuta oa D - litapole li phehiloe ka thata, li mealy haholo, ha li na metsi 'me li sebelisoa haholo ho etsa litapole tse khotliloeng le ho li etsa starch.
Palo e nepahetseng ea mefuta ea litapole e bonts'a likarolo tse mahareng lipakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli ea bohloeki (AB le BC). Maemong ana, lengolo la pele le bonts'a mofuta o atileng oa bohloeki.