Sergey Banadysev, Ngaka ea Saense ea Temo, Hlooho ea lenaneo la khetho ea SSC "Doka - Genetic Technologies"
Monyetla le katleho ea ho sebetsa li-tubers tsa peo nakong ea ho lema hajoale li ntse li eketseha haholo. Haeba pejana mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa ho khaola e ne e le ho laola kokoanyana ea peo ea litapole, "wireworm le" beetle ea litapole tsa Colorado, "joale litsebi li na le lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa ho laola mafu a atileng haholo a tšoaetso, ts'oaetso ea mobu ea ho chesa hoa morao, anthracnose le pitium, aphid nakong ea limela tsa pele, stem nematode, le ntlafatso ea mobu. microbiota. Ntle le manyolo a mantlha, ho bohlokoa hore o kenye li-element tsa li-track le li-stimulants tse ling tsa kholo ea metso ea limela le limela nakong ea ho lema hammoho le ho mela.
Russia Federation, e lumelloa ka molao ho sebelisa metsoako e 18 e sebetsang ea fungicides, metsoako e 10 e sebetsang ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le litokisetso tse 15 tsa likokoana-hloko tse nang le ts'ebetso ea fungicidal bakeng sa kalafo ea peo. Lisebelisoa tse sebetsang (dv-va) li sebetsa hantle khahlano le maloetse a litapole: azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid, benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, fluxaproda. Har'a lithethefatsi tse 30 tsa khoebo, boholo ba tsona ke lipapiso tsa Prestige (imidacloprid + pencycuron, Bayer) - 8 le Maxima (fludioxonil, Syngenta) - 5. Ho na le lihlahisoa tse 'maloa tse nang le li-dvs tse peli. fungicides: azoxystrobin + mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), penflufen + prothioconazole (Emesto Silver, Bayer), e kopantsoe le sebolaya-likokonyana - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole (King Combi, Agro Expert Group + dientafiodeloxamethoxamolol ), iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole (Idicum, Phato). Sebopeho se ruileng ka ho fetisisa sa polokelo ea fungicide (Shchelkovo-Agrokhim) ke fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxil. Lithethefatsi tse ling kaofela ke karolo e le 'ngoe kapa li kopane le sebolaya likokonyana. Azoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta) 'me hammoho le mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), fluxapiroxad (Sercadis, BASF) e khothalletsoa mobu oa mobu ka har'a foro, lintho tse ling kaofela - bakeng sa methapo.
Lethathamo la meriana e bolaeang likokonyana bakeng sa ho phekola li-tubers nakong ea ho lema le eona e pharalletse. E lumelloa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ka.v. acetamiprid, imidacloprid, bifentrin, fipronil, clothiadinine, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprol, oxamil. Ka nako e ts'oanang, teflutrin (Force, Syngenta) le oxamyl (Vidat, Corteva) li na le sebopeho sa granules 'me li kenngoa mobung. Lithethefatsi tse setseng li sebelisoa hantle bakeng sa ho apara, ka tharollo e tšoanang le fungicides. Bokaholimo ba tšebetso ea likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana ke likokoanyana tse jeoang ke mobu, beetle ea litapole ea Colorado le hoaba ka lipeo. Khatello ea Nematode - ho beoa ha Vidat nematicide. Ho amohela karolo e arohaneng ea scoop e lintšing ha ho bonahale ho melaoana, leha ts'ebetso ea lilemong tsa morao tjena e bontšitse hore katleho ea lintho tse fapa-fapaneng tse sebetsang khahlano le serame sena se kotsi e batla e sa tšoane. Litokisetso tse ngata tsa khoebo li thehiloe ho imidacloprid, clothiadinine le thiamethoxam. Ho na le likhetho tse nang le likarolo tse peli: imidacloprid + fipronil (Tabu Super, Phato), imidacloprid + bifentrin (Imidalit, FM Rus), thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprol (Voliam Flexi, Syngenta).
Tlhahiso ea "fungicides" ea likokoana-hloko tse fumanehang 'Musong oa Russia e kenyelletsa litso tse phelang le li-metabolites tsa "bacterillus" tsa mofuta oa "pseudomonas" le "fungus" ea carnivorous. Ka kakaretso, lenaneng la 2020, litokisetso tsa khoebo tse 15 li ngolisitsoe ho litapole. Se sebelisoang haholo ho hlahisoeng ke Extrasol (Bisolbi-Inter), eo ka lebaka le leng e fetang mohoantjheng e le moiteli oa likokoana-hloko. Rona ka selemo sa 2017-2019 Katleho ea li-biofungicides tsohle tsa sejoale-joale litapole e lekotsoe. Ho fumanoe lintlha tsa tlhahlobo e khahlisang haholo ebile e na le thuso tse lokelang ho hlahlojoa ka thoko 'me li tla phatlalatsoa.
Ho sebetsana le peo ho lokela ho fana ka tšireletso e sebetsang khahlano le mafu le tse senyang lijalo, ho matlafatsa kholo le kholo ea limela le ho ba theknoloji e lekaneng, e hahiloeng molemong oa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso. Ho sebetsa hantle ho khethoa ke khetho e nepahetseng ea lithethefatsi le boleng ba ts'ebetso. Khetho ea lithethefatsi e lokela ho ipapisa le kutloisiso ea ts'ebeliso e reriloeng ea li-fungicides tse ikhethileng le ho nahanisisa ka mathata a phytopathological a sehlopha se itseng sa lisebelisoa tsa ho jala le tšimo e itseng. K'hatholike ea semmuso ea meriana e bolaeang likokonyana ea Russian Federation e na le tlhaiso-leseling e fokolang. Li-fungicides bakeng sa ho apara li-tubers li ngolisitsoe e le lisebelisoa tsa taolo ea rhizoctonia, scab e tloaelehileng le scab ea silevera. Ha ho na leseli mabapi le katleho ea lithethefatsi khahlano le anthracnose, leqeba la metsi a bola, le ts'oaetso ea mobu ea morao ea blight, e atileng haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena. Hona le mehlala ea liketso tse pharalletseng haholo. Kahoo, TMTD ea khale e behiloe e le pheko khahlanong le blight ea morao, rhizoctonia, scab, ho bola ha baktheria e metsi le fusarium. Sena se baka lipelaelo tse utloahalang, hobane ke "fungic Idicum" ea sejoale-joale e nang le tšebetso e ts'oanang - oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctonia.
Ho bapatsa baetsi ba chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ho fana ka litataiso tse itseng, empa boikemisetso ntlheng ena ha boa netefatsoa. Lisebelisoa tsa papatso li lokela ho hlahlojoa ka thibelo le ka masene, ho hopoloa lithahasello tsa khoebo tsa bahlahisi ba lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea limela. E, li fana ka bopaki bo bongata ba melemo ea lithethefatsi tse ikhethileng ho feta bahlolisani maemong a tlhahiso ea 'nete. Ho na le molao o joalo oa tšepe mona: setlhare sa hau se lula se hapa, mohanyetsi o lula a hloloa. Linthong tsa k'hamphani e qothisanang lehlokoa, ehlile, tsohle li fapane hole. Mohlala oa papiso ea thepa ea bongata ba tšebetso ea li-disinfectants tse fapaneng e bonts'oa ho Tafole ea 1.
Ho bohlokoa ho tseba sepheo sa 'nete le katleho ea lihlahisoa tsohle tse fumanehang tsa ts'ireletso ea limela. Tlhahisoleseling e joalo linaheng tse tsoetseng pele tse holang litapole e ntlafatsoa selemo le selemo ke litsi tse ikemetseng tsa litsebi ebe e tsebisoa ke sechaba sa litsebi. Ka molao, mahala le pele ho nako. Kaha mmuso ha o so fane ka ts'ebeletso e ts'oanang ho bahlahisi ba temo ba Russia Federation, tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang ho tsoa ho ofisiri ea kantle ho naha le mehloli e bulehileng e lokela ho nkuoa joalo ka motheo, e lokisetsoe chelete e teng. Tafole 2. mekhoa e akaretsang ea mahlale a taolo ea mafu a tloaelehileng a litapole, e bonts'a chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e nang le ts'ehetso e netefalitsoeng ea likokoana-hloko tse itseng. Ena ke tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng, hobane bongata ba limolek'hule tse sebetsang tsa litlhare li ile tsa etsoa nako e telele. Empa limolek'hule tse ling tse sebetsang li entsoe haufinyane tjena: sedaxan, penflufen, fluxopyroxade, e ileng ea bula menyetla e mecha ea taolo ea likokoana-hloko nakong ea ho lema.
Letlapa la 2. Mekhoa ea mahlale a ho laola mafu a litapole (ho latela M.Fiers et al., 2011)
Pathogen / lefu | Phetoho | Fertilizer | Qhekella | Leru, tlhokomelo, ho hloekisa | Litlhare tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko |
Colletotricum coccode / Anthracnose | Phetetso bakeng sa lilemo tse fetang 5 le koro, clover e khubelu, alfalfa, poone, litlama, mouoane, harese. Ntle le mosetareta o mosehla, soy, peto | - | Ho lema mongobo ka 30 cm | Qoba khatello ea metsi, Ho hloekisa kapele. Nako e khuts'oane pakeng tsa ho kotula le ho kotula | E fana ka oxamyl. E fokotsa imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl, mancozeb, thiabendazole, fenpichonil le propiconazole. |
Fusarium spp./ Fusarium bola bo omileng | Phokotso ea lilemo tse tharo e nyane le clover e khubelu | Humus | Ts'ebetso e nyane | Ho hloekisa pele. Nako e khuts'oanyane pakeng tsa ho kotula le ho kotula, pholiso ea maqeba | Chlorine dioxide, fenpichonil, le motsoako oa thiabendazole, imazalil le mancozeb |
Helmintosporium solani / Hlooho ea silevera | Phokotso ea lilemo tse tharo e nyane le clover e khubelu | - | Ts'ebetso e nyane | Mobu o tlase oa ho lisa, ho lulisa ka morao le kotulo ea pele | Mankoceb, imazalil, prochloraz, chlorine dioxide, thiabendazole, fenpichlonil, benomyl |
Phoma ssp./ Fomose dry rot | - | - | - | Ho topola pele ho nako, ho cheka ho mocheso o kaholimo ho 8оС | 2-aminobutane, thiabendazole |
Phytophthora erytroseptica / Pink Rot | O lilemo li tharo ka harese le clover e khubelu | - | - | Masimo a phehiloeng hantle, a hloekisa nakong ea mariha, a fokotsa likotsi | Mephenoxam, metalaxyl |
Polyscytalum pustulans / Oosporosis, lehlaka le phameng | - | - | - | Ho hloekisa pele | Imazalil, prochlorase (semen), 2-aminobutane, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Phytium ultimum / Ho na le metsi a bolileng a bola | - | Humus | - | Masimo a phehiloeng hantle, a hloekisa nakong ea mariha, a fokotsa likotsi | Mephenoxam |
Rhizoctonia solani / Rhizoctonia, lehlaka le letšo | Phokotso ea lilemo tse tharo bonyane, ntle le koro, alfalfa, ryegrass | Humus, joang | Ts'ebetso e nyane, ho itšeha ha hoetla | Ho jala ho sa tebang (cm 5), mocheso o phahameng oa mobu, letsoalo le tlase la ho jala. Nako e khuts'oanyane lipakeng tsa ho thula le ho cheka. | E halefisa 1,3 - dichloropropene, aldicarb le epoprofos. E fokotsa pencicuron, chlorine dioxide, thiophanate methyl, flutolanil, mancozeb, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Sclerotinia sclerotinium / Mofuta o mosoeu | Ke lilemo tse 4-5 ke na le lijo-thollo tsa mohloaare | - | - | Tsamaiso ea nosetso | Fluazinam, iprodion, thiophanate methyl, boscalide |
Spongospora subterrania / Порошистая парша | Bonyane lilemo tse 10, ha ho na lekhulo | Se ke ua sebelisa bolokoe ba likhomo | Se ke oa lema nakong ea selemo | Koahela kamora nako masimong a noselitsoeng hantle | Fluzulfamide, Fluazinam, Mancocheb |
Synchytrium endobioticum / Kankere ea Litapole | Phetoho e telele haholo (lilemo tse 30) | Urea | - | Masimo a nosetsoang hantle | Urea = urea |
Verticillium dahliae / Vilt, verticillez | Ho potoloha ha lilemo tse tharo ka clover e khubelu, joang ba Sudan, lijo-thollo. Ntle le mouoane, lierekisi, habore, raese, koena, mofoka | Ammonium lingosulfate | Ts'ebetso e nyane | - | Mancozeb, Captan, metam, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin |
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus / Ring rot | Le eiee | - | - | - | Flusulfamide |
Pectobacterium, Dickeya / Blackleg | Ho kenyelletsoa ha monoculture, alternation le koro, red clover, harese kapa joang | Se ke oa okamela naetrojene | - | Masimo a nosetsoang hantle, Ho tlosa limela tse nang le tšoaetso, ho thibela tšenyo ea letlalo | Chlorine dioxide, aluminium le letsoai la bisulfite, Casugamycin, streptomycin, benzoate ea soda, benzoic acid, koporo oxychloride + metalaxyl kapa cymoxanil, metiram, clorocin, |
Streptomyces scabies / Tsotsi e tloaelehileng le e tshoeroeng | Ka lupine, rye ea mariha kapa seradella. Ntle le lihoete tsa tsoekere, lihoete, makhulo | Potasiamo, phosphorus, ammonium lingosulfate, komporo, manyolo a likolobe | Ho lokolla haholo | - | E fana ka oxamyl. E na le boric acid, streptomycin, daminoside, DL-ethionine |
Ditylenchus timetso | - | - | - | - | Oxamyl |
Globodera rostochiensis / cyst-formating nematode | Ho potoloha halelele ka lierekisi, folaxe, rye, oats le ryegrass | Phosphorus | - | Thibela ho ata ha tšoaetso ka mokhoa oo | Dimethyl disulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb, foxime, A.C. 92100, 64475, carbofuran |
Meloidogine ssp./ Gallic nematode | Mouwane o motšo / Ntle le lijalo tse ngata - lihoete, lihoete, li-clover tse khubelu, likomkomere, poli | - | - | - | Lintho tsohle tse mobu |
Linaheng tsa EU, ho na le ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea temo e sebetsang, e mabifi le e feteletseng. Lihlopha tse ngata tsa lintho tse sebetsang li se li ntšitsoe kapa li tlositsoe ho ajoeng ke molao, ts'ebeliso ea tsona e thibetsoe ka tieo. Ka hona, lethathamo la lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea limela bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea peo le fokotsehile haholo, joalo ka ha ho ka bonoa mohlaleng oa Jeremane (Tafole 3). Litsebi li lumela hore haeba sena se ntse se tsoela pele, tlhahiso ea lijalo tse matla, tse kenyelletsang litapole, e tla tlameha ho emisa Europe Bophirima, hobane ho ntse ho thatafala le ho feta ho fumana chai e ngata le boleng ba sehlahisoa. Ka nako e ts'oanang, likarolo tse peli tsa sistimi ea ts'ireletso e sebelisitsoeng ho EU li lokeloa ho tsotelloa haholo: 1) fungicides e ipapisitse le hydroxide ea koporo (tsoelo-pele ea Funguran, tsoelo-pele ea Kuprozin, ho na le tse tšoanang Russia, Koside 2000, ka mohlala) li khothaletsoa ho sebelisoa ho laola bacteriosis; 2) litokisetso tsa microbiological li sebelisoa ka mafolofolo. Khahlanong le libaktheria Mefuta ea Pectobacterium le Dickeya, litokisetso tse lumelletsoeng tsa koporo li ka tsoakoa le li-fungicides tse ling. Koporo ke karolo ea tšaloane 'me ha ho sebetsoa ka methapo ho ba teng ho limela qalong ea kholo. Limela tsa litapole tse fanoeng ka koporo li loantšana le serame. Ho monya koporo kapele ho tlatsetsa ho thehoeng ha lignin, ke hore, sebopeho se potlakileng sa rind e matla.
Lethathamo la 3. Tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa tšireletso ea litapole nakong ea ho lema, Jeremane, 2020
Ka 2020, balemi ba litapole ba Jeremane ba na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa litokisetso tse 10 tsa ho etsa kopo ea methapo le mobu ha ba lema. Sebopeho sa likokoana-hloko tsa li-fungicides le li-stimulants tsa kholo, ts'ebetso le ho tloaela microbiota li fapane haholo le tsa Russia. Lihlahisoa tsa khoebo li hlahile le mefuta e meng ea mofuta oa Bacillus, eseng Subtilis, empa Verezentis, Atrophaeus, Amyloliquefaciens. Ntle le karolo e le 'ngoe, Consortia ea libaktheria tse hanyetsanang e se e qalile ho sebelisoa ka mafolofolo. Kahoo, sehlahisoa sa SOLANOVA® se na le motsoako o leka-lekaneng oa mefuta e 5 ea likokoana-hloko: Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyceten, Mykorriza. Ts'ebetso ea SOLANOVA - e eketsa ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko tsa mobu, limatlafatsi tsa semela lia fumaneha, e ntlafatsa kholo ea metso, e tlosa masala a shoeleng mobung, e ts'ehetsa tlhahiso ea lihormone tsa limela le li-enzyme, e eketsa mamello ea khatello ea maikutlo joalo ka letsoai, mocheso, komello, serame, jj. phello: e hola mobung le methapong mme e hlolisana le likokoana-hloko bakeng sa metso ea lijo e le lijo tsa mantlha, e theha tšitiso ea likokoana-hloko sebakeng sa motso bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse ling, e matlafatsa khanyetso ea limela, sebopeho sa lithibela-mafu tsa limela, e kenya letsoho kholisong e tsitsitseng ea limela tse nyane.
Mokhoa o felletseng oa ho sireletsa lisebelisoa tsa ho jala litapole United States (Letlapa la 4,5). Ho fihlela joale, ho na le ts'ebeliso e pharalletseng ea lihlahisoa ka mokhoa oa phofo (lerōle) bakeng sa kalafo ea peo nakong ea ho itšeha. Boikutlo bo khutsitseng ba likotsi tsa ts'oaetso ea morao, ho bola ho omileng le bacteriosis e hasana nakong ea ho itšeha le taba ea ho seha ha setso sa thepa e kholo United States ho hlalosoa ke katleho e ntle ea lihlahisoa tsa phofo tse thehiloeng ho mancozeb le pencycuron. Ka tsela, 30% ea litapole tsohle tsa peo England li ile tsa sebetsoa ka phofo ea pencycuron (Monceren, Bayer) ho fihlela selemong se fetileng. Bakeng sa mananose a metsi, ntle le lintho tse tsejoang ho Russian Federation, sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, le libaktheria Chenopodium quinoa saponins li lumelloa ho sebelisoa. Sedaxan e kenyellelitsoe ho sebolaya likokoana-hloko sa pele sa lefats'e ke Syngenta, eo USA e bitsoang Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra e nang le motswako oa dvv fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Russian Federation e phatlalalitse qaleho ea ts'ebetso ea ho kenyelletsa setlhare se ts'oanang ho ngodiso ea litapole; ho li-beet tsa tsoekere, li-Vibrans tse nang le sebopeho se tšoanang li se li lumelletsoe (Tafole ea 4).
Lethathamo la 4 Litokisetso tsa ho sebetsoa litapole tsa peo (melao ea semmuso ea US bakeng sa 2020)
1 - litekanyetso = palo ea sehlahisoa se feliloeng se lokelang ho sebelisoa, moo oz fl (ounce) = 28,4 g, cwt (mokotla) = 45,4 -50,1 kg.
2 - x - sehlahisoa se lumelletsoeng moetlong le lefung; blank = sehlahisoa se sa rereloang lefu le itseng.
3 - Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani le Helminthosporium solani. Li-fungus tsena li baka bola bo omileng, rhizoctonia le scab ea silvery.
4 - e kenyelletsa Erwinia, sesosa sa bola ba baktheria bo bobebe le Clavibacter, sesosa sa bola ea reng.
Phapang e kholo le monyetla oa sistimi ea Amerika ea ts'ireletso ha u lema litapole ke tlhophiso e kholo ea litokisetso tsa ts'ebeliso mobung. Ntle le azxystrobin, mefenoxam, fluxapiroxade le litokisetso tsa likokoana-hloko tse lumelloang ho la Russian Federation, e lumelloa ho sebelisa lintho tse ling tse sebetsang ho tsoa sehlopheng sa li-strobirulins (pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin) le li-anti-phytoplastic agents (cyazofamide, fluazines, flutolanil) oxathiopipele hangata. Morero oa ho lema mobu ke taolo ea rhizoctoniosis, blight ea morao-rao, pitium le anthracnose (Lethathamo 5).
Tafole ea 5. Litokisetso tsa mobu bakeng sa ho lema litapole (melao ea mmuso ea US bakeng sa 2020)
hokae ft ft, 30 cm; lb - lb, 0,4 kg; A - acre, 0,4 ha.
Ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling e ikemetseng e u lumella ho khetha lintho tse sebetsang tse nepahetseng ha u sebetsana le peo ea litapole. Lethathamo la likokoana-hloko tse laoloang kalafo ea li-tubers li lekantsoe ho rhizoctonia, scab e tloaelehileng le silvery, fusarium le phomosis (foto 1). Ho lema mohala kapa mobu ka kakaretso ho etsa hore ho khonehe ho fokotsa nalane e tšoaetsanoang ea rhizoctonia, anthracnose, blight e tloaelehileng ea morao, leqeba la metsi (pitya) le bola ea pinki. Ka holim'a sena, litokisetso tse nang le microbiological le koporo li sebetsa hantle khahlano le mafu a baktheria.
Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e sebetsang e na le liketso tse ikhethang haholo. Mohlala, penflufen le sedaxan li sebetsa khahlano le scab, empa ha li sebetse khahlano le fusarium, ha mancozeb le difenoconazole, ho fapana le moo, prothioconazole e eketsa ts'ebetso ea khatello ea lehlaka la silevera ka pencycuron, jj. Haeba Sercadis e khothalletsoa hore e sebelisoe ka thoko naheng ea rona, joale ho la USA, ha ho sebetsoa ka mela, fluxapiroxade e kopantsoe le pyraclostrobin (Priaxor drug). Hona ha se hobane ho se letho leo o ka le etsang, empa molemong oa ho holisa tšebetso ea ts'ebetso, e le 'ngoe d.v ha ea lekana. Ho na le lithibelo tse 'maloa nakong ea ts'ebeliso. Ka mohlala, ho molemo ho phekola litapole tse sa sebetseng, tse nang le fludioxonil. Imazalil e khothalletsoa hore e sebelisoe feela bakeng sa mananose a pele, empa ka nako e ts'oanang ke e 'ngoe ea tse' maloa tse thibelang oosporosis. Ho na le phapang litekong tsa litlhare tse ikhethang linaheng tse fapaneng. Kahoo, Europe, ho lumeloa hore azoxystrobin le li-strobirulin tse ling li lokela ho sebelisoa feela mobung, ha ea lokela ho fihla ho li-tubers. Ho la USA ha ho na lithibelo tse joalo, ntho e sebelisetsoa methapo le methapo. Ho hlokomelehang ke taba ea hore Europe Bophirima, USA le Canada li ke ke tsa lahla lerōle nakong e tlang, ke hore. lerōle le bonolo la li-tubers ntle le litšenyehelo tsa tekheniki.
Bakeng sa balemi ba litapole ba Russia, tloaelo ea ho hasanya lerōle ho li-tubers ka kamoreng ea polokelo ea limela ke mokhoa o sa lebaleheng oa khale ebile matsatsing ana ha o amohelehe. Ho bile ho le thata ho nahana hore linaheng tse tsoetseng pele mokhoa o joalo oa ho sebetsa o ntse o sebelisoa haholo, mme ona o tlasa mapetjo a mabapi le ecology (True, powders based on penflufen, flutolonil le fludioxonil li se li thibetsoe ho EU ka letsoho, feela ka ba e sebelisang). Ho na le likhetho tse peli bakeng sa mananose a metsi, a metsi: esale pele sepetlele le ha o lema masimong. Ho khetha kapele ho na le menyetla e 'maloa - mokhoa o khutsitseng, litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tsa tharollo ea ts'ebetso, le keketseho ea tlhahiso ea ho lema litapole. Empa o hloka ho tseba hore kalafo ea boleng bo holimo sepetlele ke ho fafatsa ka bongata bo tlase haholo ka sekhahla sa phallo ea mokelikeli o sa feteng 3 l / t. Sena se a khonahala ha o sebelisa li-disc sprayers (sheba foto ea 2,3) holima sefe kapa sefe se potolohang - li-roller, litafole tsa tlhahlobo kapa lisebelisoa tse ikhethileng tsa Mafex. Sekhahla sa phallo ea mokelikeli o sebetsang oa 10-20 l / t o lumelloang ke litekanyetso tsa Russian Federation sepetlele se lokela ho ananeloa se fosahetse ebile se sa amohelehe. Boemong ba sejoale-joale ba phytopathological, ho bonahala ho le mongobo oa li-tubers ke ho qholotsa ka boomo nts'etsopele ea mafu a baktheria. Kamora kalafo sepetlele, le bosiung ba ho lema litapole li tlameha ho omisoa. Haeba ts'ebetso e ntse e le teng nakong ea ho jala, litapole tse khekiloeng li ile tsa laeloa ebe li isoa tšimong, empa pula e ile ea qala ho na 'me ea lema ea emisa bonyane letsatsi - hang-hang tšollela le ho omisa peo. Ho seng joalo, mathata a ho mela le ho bola ha li-tubers a ke ke a qojoa.
Ho sebetsana le tsona e ntse e rateha. Ha ho na tlhoko ea ho futhumatsa, li-tubers tse omileng, ha ho na bothata ba ho sebelisa lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea limela ka polokelo mme ha ho na likotsi tsa ho lieha ho lema ka mor'a ho sebetsoa, eseng feela li-tubers, empa le mobu o sebetsoa. Empa ts'ebetso ea ho lema e fokotsehile, palo ea lisebelisoa tse amehang ea eketseha, ho na le mathata a ho shebella phallo e sa khaotseng ea metsi le ts'ebetso ea taolo ea boleng. Balemi bohle ba litapole ba sejoale-joale ba fuoa lisebelisoa tsa tanka bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea limela. Ho molemo ho sebelisa li-nozzles tse khethehileng, tse sa tloaelang ho koala habonolo ka tharollo ea ho emisoa (bona setšoantšo 4,5,6).
Syngenta e fana ka bareki ba eona ba fanang ka kalafo ka likhalase tsa koporo (foto ea 4), e etselitsoeng haholo ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tsa ho emisoa, li fapana ka tlase ho 40% ho tloha ho sefuba ho tloha ka metheho e metenya e nang le terata e se nang letho, ka lebaka la moralo o bonolo oa bona ha ba sa koala ebile ha ba hloke mafura. Li entsoe le ho kenngoa ka bobeli. Li-nozzles ka bobeli li behiloe ka lehlakoreng la 45 ° ho bophahamo, e romelloang e 'ngoe le e' ngoe: mohloa o nang le angle 20 ° (nako e telele) bakeng sa ho phekola li-tubers tse oang o kentsoe ka har'a casing ea pele haufi le semela; sprayer e nang le li-angle tsa 70 ° (khutšoanyane) e etselitsoe ho sebetsana ka tlase moqomong, karolo e itseng e le tuber, hammoho le mobu o koahelang moepa, li kentsoe mohahong oa bobeli.
Ho hlongoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng ha li-sprayer ho li-coulters tsa plantere ho bonts'itsoe setšoantšong 7,8. Ho sebetsana le li-tubers feela (foto ea 7) ho lahleheloa ke boleng ba eona, hobane ka tokisetso e joalo ea li-nozzle, ho ka senyeha tharollo e sebetsang. Tšebeliso ea meriana ka nako e le 'ngoe ho li-tubers le mobu e sebetsa haholo. Tabeng ena, nozzle e nang le leqhubu le ka pele (1) e ka fafatsa karolo ea boraro ea mokelikeli ka lehlakoreng le leng ho ea fihla moseleng o bulehileng ka morao ho mosele. Motsoako oa litapole o oela ka har'a foro e tšoaroang ke metsi. Nozzle ea bobeli e sekametseng ka 1 e ka kenya 3/2 ea mokelikeli o fafalitsoeng mobung o tsamaeang oo disk harrow e koahelang methapo. Ho kgothaletswa hape ho sebelisa mofuta oa lebasetere, e le hore karolo ea tharollo e sebetsang e lebisoe ho li-tubers.
Tharollo e sebetsang ea litokisetso tsa ho sireletsa le ho hlasimolla methapo nakong ea ho lema e ka ba le likarolo tse ka bang hlano: fungicide, likokoanyana, boitokiso ba microbiological, microfertilizer kapa stimulant ea kholo, e thusang. Khetho ea li-microfertilizers tse nang le karolelano e nepahetseng ea limatlafatsi, li-amino acid, li-adjuvants bakeng sa mela e metle le kholo ea mantlha e kholo. Lihlahisoa tsa sejoale-joale tsa khoebo li se li tsoetse pele haholo theknoloji ebile li ajoa hantle, kopanya ka tharollo ea metsi ntle le pula. Ka motswako o mong le o mong o mocha oa lithethefatsi, sena se tlameha ho netefatsoa ka mohlala oa molumo o monyane. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho hlokahala feela ho eketsa likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko le li-nematicides, tseo lisebelisoa tse khethehileng li kenngoang ho tsona (setšoantšo sa 9,10). Ka thuso ea mokopi, litokisetso tsa anti-nematode tsa tlhaho ea Nematofagin-Mikopro le tsona li thehiloe ho fungus e jang liphoofolo hape, hobane, ho latela tlhaiso-leseling ea moetsi, ha e lumellane le fungicides.
Litsenyehelo tsa ho apara le ho hlasimolla lisebelisoa tsa ho jala litapole ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse sebetsang ka ho fetisisa li imenne habeli lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng mme li fihla ho li-ruble / ha tse likete tse 8-10. Ena ke karolo ea boraro ea sistimi eohle ea ts'ireletso, e, e bohlokoa, empa e lekana le litjeo tsa tonne ea litapole. Keketseho ea lekeno ho tsoa tšebetsong e phahame makhetlo a mangata ho feta litšenyehelo, mme eseng haholo ka lebaka la keketseho ea chai, empa ka lebaka la keketseho ea boleng ba sehlahisoa. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa peo e tlameha ho etsoa ka bokhabane haholo. Li-tubers tse bolileng le tse lemetseng li tlameha ho tlosoa pele le ka hloko haholo, ho seng joalo ts'ebetso ea tsona e tla lebisa ho keketseho e kholo ho nts'etsopele ea bola, haholo ha e jala mobung o nang le metsi kapa o futhumetseng ka mokhoa o lekaneng, o tla lebisa ho fokotseha ha ho mela ha litapole. Ho fetisa sekhahla se nepahetseng sa ts'ebeliso, tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea limela ha ea lokela ho lumelloa, tsena ke litokisetso tse thata, limela li tla salla morao bakeng sa kholo ka nako e telele. Ho apara ho ke ke ha nka sebaka sa lipeo tsa boleng bo holimo.
Ha re phethela, re lokela ho hlokomela hore kalafo ea lisebelisoa tsa peo ka lisebelisoa tse sireletsang le lintho tse hlasimollang ke mohato o tlamang le o sebetsang oa sistimi ea ts'ireletso ho kholo ea litapole. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho bile le tsoelo-pele e kholo sebakeng sena mme menyetla e mecha e ea buleha. Ho ithuta le ho sekaseka tlhaiso-leseling ea kantle ho naha ho re lumella ho hlakisa mekhoa e meholo ea ts'ireletso ea lisebelisoa tsa ho jala litapole. Hona ke katoloso ea palo ea likokoana-hloko tse laoloang, phetoho ho tloha ho litlhare tse peli ho ea ho tse tharo tsa metsoako e mene ea lithethefatsi, phetoho ho tloha ho li-tubers ho ea ho lengoa ha mobu le ho theoa ha lintho tse ncha tse sebetsang tsa ts'ireletso ea lik'hemik'hale le ea likokoana-hloko. Ha ho nahanoa ka phetoho ea boemo ba phytopathological, tlhokomelo e kholo e lokela ho fuoa scab ea silvery, pithium, anthracnose, mafu a mang a mobu le bacteriosis. Mefuta e mengata ea fungicides e fumanehang ho Russian Federation ke ea sejoale-joale ebile e fapane. Bahlahisi ba etelletseng pele ba lihlahisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea limela ha ba potlake ho fana ka metsoako ea morao-rao ea d.v-v bakeng sa Russia, empa lifeme tsa Russia (Phato, Shchelkovo-Agrokhim, Sehlopha sa Setsebi sa Agro) se nang le lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa Idikum, Deposit le King Combi li shebahala li le bohlokoa ebile li le tlholisano. Mabapi le temo ea mobu le li-fungicides Europe, ho kenyeletsoa le Russian Federation, ho na le sekheo se hlakileng kamora boemo ba mose ho maoatle, empa ho na le ho hongata hoo u ka ithutang hona ho na le ho hong ho ka nkang mohlala, polokelo e kholo ea ho eketsa katleho ea ts'ireletso ha ho lema ho teng mona. Mabapi le katleho ea litokisetso tsa microbiological, boetapele, ehlile, ke ba lik'hamphani tsa Europe. Lethathamo la biofungicides ho Russia Federation le leholo haholo, empa le moqotetsane ka sebopeho sa bioloji, katleho e boletsoeng khahlano le mafu e hloka ho netefatsoa ts'ebetsong. Mekhoa e reriloeng ea ho laola mafu a baktheria o sebelisa fungicides e nang le koporo le libaktheria tsa likokoana-hloko e bohlokoa haholo ebile e bohlokoa.