Ho tsoa makasineng: No. 3 2015
Sehlopha: Ho Tsepamiso
Boris Anisimov, Hlooho ea Lefapha la Maemo le Setifikeiti sa Federal State Budgetary Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming e reheletsoeng ka. A.G. Lorja
Litloaelong tsa sejoale-joale tsa machabeng, ts'ebeliso ea litekanyetso tse thehiloeng mahlale ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoahali sa ho rarolla bothata ba ho laola boleng ba peo ea limela tsa temo, ho kenyeletsoa le litapole. Ka ho theha boemo bo itseng ba litlhoko, litekanyetso li kenya letsoho tlhahisong ea lipeo tsa boleng bo holimo 'me li sebetsa e le motheo oa sepheo sa theko, ho ela hloko boleng ba lihlopha tse tsamaellanang le lihlopha tsa peo.
Ts'ebetso ea machabeng tsamaisong ea tlhahiso, taolo ea boleng le netefatso ea litapole tsa peo e shebane le nts'etsopele le ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea moralo oa taolo o ipapisitseng le boiphihlelo bo bokelletsoeng ba lefats'e sebakeng sena. 'Me mabapi le sena, ho bohlokoa haholo ho sebelisa boiphihlelo bo ikhethang ba mosebetsi bo bokelletsoeng ke Karolo e Khethehileng ea UNECE molemong oa ho nts'etsapele le ho ntlafatsa lipehelo tsa mantlha tsa maemo a machaba a boleng ba litapole tsa peo.
Ntlafatso ea khafetsa ea lipehelo tse amehang tsa maemo a lumella hore e bonahatse ka nako le ka potlako liphetoho tse amanang le tlhahiso le papatso ea litapole tsa peo, ho hlahisoa ha mekhoa e mecha ea setifikeiti, phetoho ea likokoanyana le phetoho ea boemo ba phytosanitary mabapi le tsoelo-pele ea lehae le ea lefats'e. mekhoa ea phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo.
Maemo a UNECE bakeng sa Litapole tsa Peo ha e le hantle ke moralo oa taolo oa machabeng o tsamaellanang le litumellano tsa WTO mabapi le litšitiso tsa tekheniki khoebong le mehato ea bohloeki le ea phytosanitary. Tekanyetso ea UNECE e reretsoe ho sebelisoa ke balaoli ba setifikeiti sa naha ho netefatsa hore boleng ba litapole tsa peo bo kopana le litlhoko tsa taolo tse lumellanang le tse amoheloang machabeng.
Ts'ebeliso ea lipehelo tse fumanehang maemong a UNECE, mantsoe a tšoanang le litlhoko tse lumellanang li kenya letsoho kutloisisong e nepahetseng ke morekisi le moreki oa maemo a boleng ba litapole tsa peo tse rekisoang linaheng tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e, mme e fokotsa likotsi tse ka bang teng tsa lithibelo tsa tekheniki. khoebo ea machaba.
Litokisetso tse fumanehang maemong a UNECE li akaretsa likarolo tsohle tsa taolo ea boleng le setifikeiti sa litapole tsa peo.
Tse ka sehloohong ke:
- bonnete le bohloeki ba mefuta-futa;
- traceability ea tšimoloho ea lotho ea peo;
- boemo ba boleng bakeng sa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa lisebelisoa tsa peo mabapi le mafu, tse senyang lijalo, likoli;
- mamello mabapi le litšobotsi tsa li-tubers, tekanyo ea tsona le boleng ba khoebo;
-melaoana ea ho paka, ho tiisa le ho ngola.
Litlhokahalo tsa maemo a UNECE li thehiloe bakeng sa mekhahlelo e meraro ea litapole tsa peo: tsa pele, tsa mantlha le tse netefalitsoeng. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mekhahlelo e meraro e arotsoe hape ka lihlopha tse peli, tse nkang tekanyo e ka bang teng ea phokotso ea boleng bakeng sa matšoao a motho ka mong ka keketseho ea palo ea meloko ea masimo nakong ea tlhahiso ea litapole tsa peo.
Ho latela litlhoko tsa maemo a UNECE, ke mefuta eo feela e lumelloang khoebong ea machabeng eo litlhaloso tsa bona tsa semmuso le litšoaneleho tsa bona ho latela khethollo, ho ts'oana le botsitso li ka fumanoang ho tsoa ho balaoli ba nang le bokhoni (baqapi ba mefuta) ho latela taolo. le tataiso ea mokhoa oa UPOV (International Union bakeng sa tšireletso ea mefuta e mecha ea limela).
Linaha tse ngata tse hlahisang litapole ka kakaretso li leka ka matla ho atametsa litlhoko tsa litekanyetso tsa naha tsa bona tsa litapole haufi le maemo a machaba. Hangata, maemo a naha a ka ba le litlhokahalo tse thata bakeng sa matšoao a itseng a bohlokoa ha a bapisoa le litlhoko tsa maemo a UNECE.
Maemong a sejoale-joale, ho lumellana ha lipehelo tsa mantlha tsa litekanyetso tsa boleng ba litapole tsa naha le li-analogues tsa machabeng, haholoholo, maemo a UNECE a bohlokoa haholo.
Litlhokahalo tsa taolo ea maemo a naha ea Russia, a thehiloeng, mohlala, mabapi le karolo ea limela tsa mefuta e meng ho lema mefuta e fapaneng ea litapole tsa peo, hammoho le limela tse nang le matšoao a vaerase (e fokolang le e matla mosaic) le mafu a baktheria. (leoto le letšo) li bapisoa hantle le litloaelo tsa machaba tsa maemo a UNECE (Letlapa la 1).
Mamello ea maemo a naha ea Russia mabapi le liketsahalo tsa li-tubers tse nang le mafu (Letlapa la 2) le tsona li haufi le boemo ba litlhoko tsa taolo tsa maemo a UNECE. Le hoja tlhoko ea ho lumellana ho eketsehileng ha maemo a boleng bakeng sa lihlopha tse amehang tsa litapole tsa peo ka lehlakoreng la ho li atametsa haufi le litlhoko tsa machaba, ha ho pelaelo hore bohlokoa ba hona joale ba ho ntlafatsa boleng ba litapole tsa peo Russia, 'me bo tla thusa ho fokotsa likotsi tse ka bang teng tsa lithibelo tsa tekheniki. khoebong ea machaba ea litapole tsa peo.
Letlapa la 1. Papiso ea mamello ea litekanyetso tsa UNECE le Russia Federation mabapi le bohloeki ba mefuta e fapaneng le ts'oaetso ea mafu a lijalo tsa litapole tsa peo.
Lihlopha / Lihlopha | % ea limela | ||
Mefuta e meng | Livaerase* | Blackleg | |
Tekanyetso ea UNECE | |||
I(TC) ea pele | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pele ho motheo II | 0,01 | 0,1 | 0 |
Basic I | 0,25 | 0,4 (0,2) | 0,5 |
Motheo II | 0,25 | 0,8 (0,4) | 1,0 |
E netefalitsoeng ke I | 0,5 | 2,0 (1,0) | 1,5 |
E netefalitsoeng II | 0,5 | 10 (2,0) | 2,0 |
GOST R 53 136-2008 | |||
Lintho tsa mohloli (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ea mantlha (OS) | 0 | 0,4 | 0 |
Elite (ES) | 0 | 3,0 (1,0) | 0 |
Tsoalo (RS (1-2)) | 1,5 | 8,0 (2,0) | 1,0 |
* % e lumelletsoeng ea limela tse nang le mosaic e boima e bonts'itsoe ka masakaneng
Letlapa la 2. Papiso ea mamello ea litekanyetso tsa UNECE le Russia Federation bakeng sa tšoaetso ea mafu a li-tubers.
Lihlopha / Lihlopha | % ea li-tubers tse anngoeng ke mafu** | |||||
Ho bola ho omileng le metsi | Lekhoa le tloaelehileng, letlooeng, | Lekhoa poro shitty | Rizok tonia | S'mores li-tubers tsa bana | ||
Tekanyetso ea UNECE | ||||||
I(TC) ea pele | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Pele ho motheo II | 0,2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0,5 | |
Basic I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Motheo II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
E netefalitsoeng ke I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
E netefalitsoeng II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
GOST R 53 136 - 2008 | ||||||
Lintho tsa mohloli (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Ea mantlha (OS) | 0,5 (0) | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Elite (ES) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Tsoalo (RS (1-2)) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
* % e lumelletsoeng ea li-tubers tse anngoeng ke ho bola ha metsi e bonts'oa ka masakaneng
** tuber e nkoa e anngoe ke lefu lena haeba sebaka sa bokaholimo se anngoeng ke lekhoakhoa se feta 33,3% kapa ho feta 1/3 ea bokaholimo; letlooeng la letlooeng - 33,3%; phofo ea phofo - 10%; rhizoctonia - 10%.
Ho tsoela pele ho hokahanya moralo oa taolo ea boleng ba litapole tsa peo naheng ea Russia, hoa hlokahala ho ntlafatsa haholo lipehelo mabapi le melao ea sampole, mekhoa ea ho fumana bonnete le bohloeki ba mefuta e fapaneng, ho ikarabella bakeng sa mafu, tse senyang lijalo, bofokoli ba kantle ho limela le li-tubers tsa litapole. , mamello mabapi le litšobotsi tsa li-tubers, ho lekanya ha tsona le boleng ba khoebo. Tabeng ena, ho hlahisoa ha litloaelo le mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea liteko tsa laboratori bakeng sa ho khetholla tšilafalo ea limela le li-tubers tse nang le ts'oaetso e patehileng ea vaerase le baktheria bakeng sa lihlopha tse tsamaellanang tsa litapole tsa peo, joalo ka ha ho fanoe ka tekanyetso ea naha ea GOST R "Litapole tsa Peo. . Kamohelo le mekhoa ea ho hlahloba" (Letlapa la 3).
Letlapa la 3. Litloaelo le mekhoa ea liteko tsa laboratori tse fanoeng ke maemo a Russia Federation bakeng sa lihlopha tse fapaneng (meloko) ea litapole tsa peo.
Sesebediswa sa peo | Sehlopha/moloko | Litekanyetso tsa teko | Mekhoa |
Li-clones tsa mantlha tsa in vitro culture, | ИМ | 100% limela | ICA, PCR, ELISA |
Li-microplant tsa pele bakeng sa phatlalatso ea clonal in vitro culture | ИМ | 100% limela | ELISA, PCR |
Limela ka likamoreng tse holisang ho hlahisa li-mini-tubers | ИМ | Bonyane limela tse 250 ka mofuta o mong | ELISA* |
Libaka tsa masimo (500 m ka thoko) | Moloko oa pele oa tšimo ho tsoa ho li-tubers tse nyane | Limela tse 200 ka mefuta e fapaneng (kapa li-tubers tse 200 ka batch) | ELISA* (**) |
Super-super elite | Li-tubers tse 200 ka sehlopha ka seng | ELISA | |
Li-nursery tsa masimo (100m insulation) | Superelite | Limela ka bomong*** | ICA, ELISA*** |
Elite | |||
*Tlhahlobo ea disampole tsa makhasi **Teko ea laboratori ea ka mor'a kotulo ea lisampole tsa tuber. *** Ho hlahloba lebaleng la limela ka bomong tse nang le lipontšo tse sa hlakang hantle tsa matšoao a lefu ho sebelisa ICA ho lithupa tsa liteko, ELISA |
Ho tloha 2011 naheng ea Russia, maemo a UNECE a kenyelelitsoe lethathamong la semmuso la litokomane tsa taolo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea setifikeiti sa boithaopo sa litapole tsa peo ea Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr".
Ts'ebeliso ea maemo a UNECE bakeng sa litapole tsa peo naheng ea Russia ha ho pelaelo hore e tla kenya letsoho ho theheng tikoloho e ncha ea tlholisano lipakeng tsa barekisi ba litapole tsa peo le bahlahisi ba litapole tsa khoebo. Ka lebaka leo, monyetla o hlakileng o tla ba teng ho bahlahisi ba tla khona ho fana ka 'marakeng oa lehae le bakeng sa ho rekisa litapole tsa boleng bo holimo tse fihlelang maemo a litlhoko tsa taolo ea machabeng. Sena le sona se tla kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong e sebetsang ea mahlale a morao-rao a macha, matsete molemong oa ntlafatso ea tlhahiso, tsoelo-pele e potlakileng tlhahisong ea mefuta e batloang haholo 'marakeng, tšebeliso ea mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho hlahloba li-phytopathogens, ho koetlisa basebetsi le ho eketsa boemo ba litsebi lefapheng la tlhahiso ea peo ea litapole, taolo ea boleng le setifikeiti.