E. D. Mytsa, M. A. Pobedinskaya, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky
Tlokotsi ea morao-rao ea litapole le litamati, e bakiloeng ke sebopuoa se kang li-mushroom, oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, e atile hoo e ka bang libakeng tsohle tsa lefats'e moo lijalo tsena li lengoang teng. Tlas'a maemo a epiphytotic, tahlehelo ea lihlahisoa tsa litapole ho tloha blight ea morao e ka fihla ho 10-30% kapa ho feta, mme ea langa le le lej, ho fihlela 100% (Ivanyuk et al., 2005).
E 'ngoe ea mehloli ea mantlha ea inoculum Ph. infestans, e lebisang ho ts'oaetso ea limela, ke meaho e metenya ea phomolo ea ho ikatisa - li-oospores. Li-oospores tsa lebasetere tse entsoeng ka lebaka la ho tšela mefuta e fapaneng ea batsoali li tlatsetsa keketsehong ea mefuta-futa ea genotypic ho baahi, ka lebaka leo ts'ebetso ea ho feto-fetoha ha mefuta ho mefuta e mecha le ho sebelisa fungicides e potlakileng. Tlhahiso ea Oospore Ph. infestans lebaleng le ile la tsejoa linaheng tse ngata tsa lefats'e: Russia (Smirnov et al., 2003), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strцmberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) le libaka tse ling. Ho na le bopaki ba hore li-oospores tsa moemeli oa causative oa blight ea morao li ka phela lilemo tse fetang tse 2 mobung ka mokhoa o sebetsang (Hermansen et al., 2002; Bшdker et al., 2006) mme e baka ts'oaetso ea semela kamora ho hloloa (Lehtinen et al., 2002; Ulanova et et. al., 2010).
Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho loants'a ts'oaetso ea morao kajeno ke ts'ireletso ea lik'hemik'hale, e nang le kalafo ea limela ka litokisetso tsa fungicidal. Lik'hemik'hale tse ngata tse sebelisetsoang ho sireletsa litapole le litamati khahlanong le blight ea morao li na le tšusumetso e matla ho sebopeho sa oospore (Kessel et al., 2002; Kuznetsov, 2013). Leha ho le joalo, lithethefatsi tse ling li sebelisoa haholo litapole tse sa ameheng ka kotloloho Ph. infestans, le phello ea tsona ho sebopeho sa oospore ha e tsejoe. Ka hona, sepheo sa mosebetsi ona e ne e le ho ithuta phello ea ho theoa ha li-oospores tsa lithethefatsi tse ling tse sebelisoang haholo litapole, empa li sa ngolisoa khahlanong le bothata ba morao.
Re sebelisitse 9 Ph. infestans ea mefuta e fapaneng ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, e ikhethileng ke rona ho tsoa makhasi a litapole a nang le tšoaetso Moscow, Leningrad, libaka tsa Ryazan. Ho ithuta phello ea kholo ea mycelium le ho theoa ha li-oospores, lithethefatsi tse latelang li sebelisitsoe: fungicides Maxim (motsoako o sebetsang oa fludioxonil ho tsoa sehlopheng sa phenylpyrroles) le Scor (difenoconazole, triazoles), likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana tsa Aktara (thiamethoxam, neonicotinoids) le Tanrek (imidacidribidopidicidicidibidicidibidicidicidibidicidibidicidicidibidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidic) , li-triazine). Meriana eohle e bolaeang likokonyana e ngolisitsoe ho "State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals" bakeng sa 2014. Ho ithuta ka phello ea mahloriso a chefo e bolaeang likokonyana holima kholo ea likolone tsa oomycete, mofuta o mong le o mong o ne o entoa ka setsi sa agar bohareng ba sejana sa Petri se nang le sejo se teteaneng sa oat. Moriana oa likokoanyana oa liteko o ile oa eketsoa ka lekhetlo la pele ho sekhahla sa 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, le 100.0 mg / L (ho latela motsoako o sebetsang - DV). E le ho laola, re ne re sebelisa seaplane ntle le ho eketsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana. Liente li kenngoe ka 18 ° C matsatsi a 12-15 ho fihlela bophara ba kolone ea taolo e se nang chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e le 70-80% ea bophara ba sejana sa Petri, kamora moo bophara ba likolone bo ile ba lekanngoa ka taolo le liteko tsa liteko.
Liteko li entsoe ka likopi tse 3. Phuputso ea sebopeho sa oospore e entsoe ka agar oat medium (30 ml ka sejaneng sa Petri) ka ho eketsoa ha fungicide ho bongata ba 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, le 100.0 mg / L hape le ka mokhoa o se nang fungicide (taolo). Bakeng sa sena, agar block e nang le mofuta oa ho tlolelana o arola A1 le A2 li ile tsa beoa ka bobeli ka holim'a setsi sa limatlafatsi bohole ba 5 cm ho tloha ho e mong. Liente li ile tsa kenella ho Ph. Masea a mocheso oa 18 ° C matsatsi a 20. Kamora ho lema, sehlahisoa sa limatlafatsi se nang le li-spores se ile sa tsosoa hape ka se kopanyang ka 30 ml ea metsi a silafalitsoeng, 'me litokisetso tsa microscopy li ile tsa lokisoa ho tloha ka ho emisoa ha sephetho. Karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fapaneng, ho ile ha hlahlojoa likarolo tse 180 tsa pono (likopi tse 3, likarolo tse 60 tsa pono). Ebe pokello ea li-oospores e ile ea baloa hape (likhomphutha / μl tse mahareng).
Phello ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ho kholo ea kholo ea kholo. Difenoconazole, thiamethoxam le imidacloprid li ne li se na tšusumetso e kholo palong ea kholo ea Ph. infestans (Letlapa la 1). Herbicide metribuzin e bakile kholo ea nakoana kholisong nakong ea pele (matsatsi a 5-7 a kholo); empa, ka letsatsi la leshome, bophara ba likolone bo ile ba tšoana ka boholo. Lipalo-palo tsa Fludioxonil li ile tsa thibela kholo ea Ph. infestans ka mahloriso a mahareng a fetang 10 mg / l.
Letlapa la 1
Phello ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ka kholo e kholo ea likolone Li-infestans tsa Phytophthora
Fungicide-DV (sethethefatsi) | Colony bophara maemong a fapaneng (mg / L) DW bohareng, mm | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (lithethefatsi tsa Aktara) | 82 ± 6 | 81 ± 7 (99%) | 82 ± 6 (100%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 792 ± 6 | - | 76 ± 9 (96%) | 77 ± 8 (97%) | 76 ± 5 (96%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 82 ± 6 | - | 74 ± 12 (90%) | 56 ± 10 (68%) | 46 ± 3 (56%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 88 ± 12 | - | 85 ± 12 (97%) | 86 ± 9 (98%) | 80 ± 5 (91%) |
Difenoconazole (Scor) | 82 ± 7 | - | 76 ± 9 (93%) | 84 ± 4 (102%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) |
Hlokomela. Letšoao "±" le lateloa ke nako ea boits'epo bakeng sa boemo ba bohlokoa ba 0.05. Melao ea boitšoaro e masakaneng e bontša karolelano ea bophara ba likolone ho mofuta oa liteko ho ea taolo ntle le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana. Letšoao "-" le bolela hore lipatlisiso ha li e-so etsoe.
Letlapa la 2
Phello ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ka sebopeho sa li oospores Li-infestans tsa Phytophthora tikolohong ea agar
Fungicide-DV (sethethefatsi) | Palo ea li-oospores tse mahareng ka lipalo tse fapaneng (mg / l) DV, likhomphutha / μl | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (lithethefatsi tsa Aktara) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 79.8 ± 3.8 (100%) | 79.1 ± 3.9 (100%) | 71.4 ± 3.7 (90%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | - | 70.0 ± 3.4 (88%) | 66.0 ± 3.1 (83%) | 35.8 ± 2.8 (45%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 112.7 ± 6.9 | - | 98.4 ± 8.6 (87%) | 73.6 ± 5.4 (65%) | 42.3 ± 3.7 (36%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 135.0 ± 9.5 | - | 103.0 ± 9.8 (70%) | 118.2 ± 9.3 (88%) | 74.8 ± 8.1 (55%) |
Difenoconazole (Scor) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 72.5 ± 3.6 (91%) | 82.2 ± 3.7 (103%) | 54.9 ± 2.8 (69%) | 35.8 ± 2.3 (45%) |
Ho ithuta ka phello ea meriana e bolaeang likokonyana ho thehoeng ha li-oospores Ph. masea ka mokhoa o nang le limatlafatsi. Ho fumanoe hore ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha palo ea li-oospores maemong a itseng ho bakiloe ke lithethefatsi tsohle tse batlisisitsoeng (Letlapa la 2). Sebakeng sa metsoako e sebetsang ea 1.0 mg / l, meriana eohle e bolaeang likokonyana, ntle le litokisetso tsa Aktara le Skor, e lebisitse ho fokotseheng ho hlakileng ha palo ea li-oospores tse entsoeng (ka 12-24% ha e bapisoa le taolo). Keketseho e tsoelang pele ea pokello ea lintho tse sebetsang kahare e lebisitse keketsehong ea tšitiso ea thibelo. Litokisetso tse thehiloeng ho thiamethoxam le difenoconazole li bakile ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha palo ea li-oospores ha mohopolo oa ntho e sebetsang kahare e ne e feta 10 mg / l.
Puisano le qetello. Phuputso ea phello ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e sa ngolisoang khahlanong le blight ea litapole kamora kholo ea radial ea mycelium e bontšitse, joalo ka ha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, khatello e fokolang ea kholo (fludioxonil) kapa ha e na phello ho kholo (tse ling tse bolaeang likokonyana tse ithutoang).
Letlapa la 3. Matšoao a lintho tse sebetsang mokelikeli o sebetsang
Ho itokisa (fungicide-DV) | E sebelisoa mosebetsing oa khatello ea DV kahare ea limatlafatsi, mg / l | Khakanyo ea DW ka mokelikeli o sebetsang nakong ea ts'ebetso ea litapole, mg / l |
---|---|---|
Aktara (thiamethoxam) | 0.1, 1, 10 | 37-75 * |
Tanrek (imidacloprid) | 1, 10, 100 | 50-100 |
Boholo (fludioxonil) | 1, 10, 100 | 1000 |
Zenkor (metribuzin) | 1, 10, 100 | 1630-4900 |
Scor (difenoconazole) | 0.1, 1, 10, 100 | 188-625 |
* Litekanyetso li hlahisoa ho latela "Catalog ea Naha ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana le agrochemicals" ea 2014.
Meriana eohle e bolaeang likokoanyana e ithutoang e bakile ho fokotseha ha popo ea li-oospores molemong oa phepo. Mefuta e lekiloeng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana kahare e ne e le tlase kapa e batla e lekana (bakeng sa imidacloprid) ho lipalo tse lumelletsoeng mokelikeli o sebetsang (Letlapa la 3). Litekong tsa rona, khatello ea sebopeho sa li-oospores e ile ea matlafala ha lethal dose la moriana le eketseha, ho fanang ka maikutlo a keketseho ea phello ha o kopana le mokelikeli o sebetsang haholo. Difenoconazole e bakile ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha lihlahisoa tsa li-oospores eseng feela litekong tsa sehlahisoa sa limatlafatsi, empa le litekong tsa makhasi a litapole a sehiloeng a kenngoeng ka mokelikeli o nang le fungicide. Ka hona, ho mofuta oa Vectar Belorussia, li-oospores tse 32 ka 1 mm2 ea sebaka sa lekhasi li ile tsa bonoa taolong, ka bongata ba difenoconazole metsing a 10 mg / l - 24, le 100 mg / l - 12 oospores / mm2. Phapang lipakaneng tsa li-oospores ho 100 mg / l ea fungicide le taolong e bohlokoa haholo (Elansky, Mytsa, ha e e-so phatlalatsoe).
Likokonyana tse bolaeang likokonyana li ka ama lits'ebetso tse fapaneng ka har'a lisele tsa fungal. Libukeng, ha rea ka ra fumana tlhaiso-leseling e hlalosang litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa lithethefatsi tse ithutoang ho thehoeng ha li-oospores. A re ke re leke ho etsa likhopolo mabapi le ketso ea difenoconazole. Mochini oa ts'ebetso ea fungicidal ke thibelo ea enzyme ea C14-dimethylase, e phethang karolo ea bohlokoa ho sterol biosynthesis. Li-Sterols li entsoe ka li-fungus, limela le lintho tse ling ebile ke karolo ea lisele tsa tsona. Li-Oomycetes tsa mofuta oa Phytophthora, ka ho ba sieo ha li-sterol, li khona ho holisa limela feela; sebopeho sa li-oospores se hatelletsoe ka botlalo (Elliott et al., 1966).
Li-Oomycetes ha li khone ho iketsetsa li-sterol ka botsona; li kenyelletsa lera la tsona li-sterol tse fumanoeng semeleng se li amohelang, li li fetole. Tekong ea rona, re sebelisitse oat agar medium e ruileng ho â-sitosterol le isofucosterol (Knights, 1965), ke hore, lintho tse hlohlelletsang ho theoa ha li-oospores. Ho ka etsahala hore difenoconazole e thibele mosebetsi oa li-enzyme tse amehang phetohong kapa ts'ebelisong ea metsoako ea sterol e fumanoang limela. Sena se ka fokotsa matla a sebopeho sa oospore.
Ka likhahla tse nyane, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe mosebetsing oa rona, difenoconazole e bile le phello e fokolang e matlafatsang kholo ea mycelium le sebopeho sa li-oospores.
Ho hatelloa ha sebopeho sa li-oospores kahare ea limatlafatsi ho kile ha bonts'oa li-fungicides tsa anti-phytophthora. Kahoo, mosebetsing oa Kessel et al. (2002) ba batlisitse lithethefatsi tse fetang 10 tsa antiphitofluoroids tsa khoebo. Fluazinam, dimethomorph, le cymoxanil maemong a sa bolaeeng li hatelletse ka ho felletseng sebopeho sa li-oospores setsing sa agar; metalaxil, maneb le propamocarb li bonts'a katleho e leka-lekaneng; mancozeb le chlorothalonil li ne li se na phello ho sebopeho sa oospore. Mosebetsing oa S. Kuznetsov (Kuznetsov, 2013), ho ile ha bontšoa thibelo ea sebopeho sa oospore ka sehlahisoa sa limatlafatsi ka bongata bo sa bolaeeng ba metalaxyl.
Liteko tsa rona li bonts'itse litokisetso tsa chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e sebelisitsoeng litapole, leha e se na tšusumetso e tobileng ho kholo ea likokoana-hloko tsa blight tsa morao-rao, e hatelletse sebopeho sa li-oospores. Kahoo, ts'ireletso e nepahetseng ea lik'hemik'hale ea litapole e sebelisa fungicides, likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokonyana le dibolayalehola e fokotsa menyetla ea ho theoa ha li-oospores makhasi a semela.
Mosebetsi ona o ne o tšehelitsoe ke Russian Science Foundation (projeke ea 14-50-00029).
Sengoloa se phatlalalitsoe koranteng ea "Mycology and Phytopathology" (Buka ea 50, Khatiso ea 1, 2016).