O. V. Abashkin, Yu. A. Masyuk, D. V. Abrosimov, O. A. Aleksyutina, V. I. Chernikov
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, naha ea rona e bone keketseho ea palo ea likokoana-hloko tse jang limela, ho kenyelletsa le mefuta e khetholloang e le likokoanyana tsa litapole. Ntle le ho baka tšenyo e tobileng limela, mefuta ena e boetse e jara likokoana-hloko tsa mafu a vaerase, haholoholo litapole tse spindle tuber viroid le mosaic leaf curl virus.
Litapole tuber spindle viroid (Tapole sesepa tube viroid). Lefu lena le tšoauoa ka ho fokotseha ha palo ea letlobo, ho pshatla ha makhasi, le ho kobeha ha lekhasi holim'a metsi. Letlobo le li-petioles tsa makhasi li fumaneha ka lehlakoreng le matla haholoanyane. Li-terminal lobes tsa ntlha e ka holimo li holofetse ka matla, li kobehile ka mahlakoreng, li etsa sebopeho sa sekele, makhasi a ba le sebopeho sa ivy ka lebaka la ho kobeha ha methapo le ho honyela ha li-lobule tsa makhasi a marginal. Lihlahla tse amehileng li fetoha pherese, li fetoha chlorotic, 'me litlhōrō li fumana' mala oa anthocyanin. Li-tubers tse amehileng lia lelefatsa, li nka sebopeho se bōpehileng joaloka spindle, 'me ka linako tse ling li na le mapetsong a tebileng ho tsona. Li-tubers tse holileng li ba le matheba a pota-potileng, a hlahelletseng hanyane ho tloha ho 0.5 ho isa ho 2.5 cm ka bophara; nakong ea polokelo, matheba a fifala, bokaholimo ba ona bo thatafala mme bo hatelloa ka har'a li-tubers. Ka mefuta e nang le 'mala oa anthocyanin (li-tubers tse pherese), ha li angoa ke viroid, matla a' mala a li-tubers a fokotseha. Lefu lena le lebisa tahlehelong e kholo ea lijalo.
Kokoana-hloko ea Moshe cho sotha mahlaku a ka hodimo a tapole e tsejoang hape e le: K-kokoana-hloko ea leafroll ea mosaic, M-kokoana-hloko ea litapole, kokoana-hloko ea litapole Salaman, kokoana-hloko ea litapole M (PVM), kokoana-hloko ea litapole 7 Smith. E khetholloa ka matšoao a khethollang: mapheo a maqhubu a makhasi a ka holimo, a tšoana le likepe. Letšoao lena le bonahala haholo nakong ea lipalesa. Qetellong ea nako ea ho hōla, matšoao a lefu lena a fokotseha kapa a nyamela ka ho feletseng. Hangata lefu lena le teng sebakeng se ipatileng (latent) mme joale le ka bonoa feela ho sebelisoa mokhoa o ikhethileng - tlhahlobo ea immunosorbent ea enzyme (ELISA). Ka linako tse ling lefu lena le kopantsoe le mafu a mang a kokoana-hloko (livaerase tsa litapole S le X). Limela tse kulang li fokotsa chai (ka 25-40%) le litaba tsa starch tsa tubers (ka 2-3%). Litapoleng tsa peo ea litapole tse phahameng, limela tse kulang le likokoana-hloko li tlosoa nakong ea ho hloekisa phytosanitary.
Linta tsa likobo (hemiptera kapa hemiptera) ke sehlopha se seholo sa likokoanyana se nang le mefuta e fetang 40.
Tšobotsi ea tšobotsi e tloaelehileng ho baemeli bohle ba taelo ena ke melomo ea bona e hlabang (proboscis e kopantsoe, e tlohang ka pele ho hlooho). Libaka tsa litšitšili li fapane ka ho fetisisa: likokoanyana li ka fumanoa lapeng (litšitšili), metsing (li-tropike tsa metsi a tropike tse phelang holim'a leoatle, le litšitšili tsa metsi a hloekileng, li-larvae tse jang litlhapi tse halikiloeng), lehlabathe, meru, joalo-joalo. Mefuta e mengata ea litšitšili e tlisa molemo o moholo ka ho anya le ho ja likokoanyana tse senyang lijalo tsa temo, ho akarelletsa le litapole. Empa likokoana-hloko tse jang limela li ka baka kotsi e kholo polasing.
Litšitšili tse fumanoang litapole
Mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoana-hloko tse jang litlama li fumaneha limela tsa litapole: mosetareta (Eurydema festiva L), kokoana e tala (Nezara viridula L), bug beet bug (Orthotylus flavosparsus C), Norway bug (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - ntle le ho fepa semela. lijo, mofuta ona o senya li-larvae tsa likokoanyana - ho kenyelletsa le Colorado litapole beetle; kokoanyana ea meadow (Lygus pratensis L), alfalfa bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze), kokoana ea lehong e tala (Palomena prasina L), kokoana e metsero (Graphosoma italicus Mull), beet bug (Poecilos cytus - Polymerus cognatus Fieb), kokoana ea bohobe (Trigonotylus Geoffr ). Baemeli ba lelapa la horsefly ba fetisa ka mafolofolo likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko tsa limela.
Slepnyaks kapa Miridae – likokoanyana tse nyane, hangata li telele, tse nang le likoahelo tse bonolo. Di fepa haholo ka lero la semela. Ka kakaretso, ho na le mefuta e fetang 650 ka lapeng - ena ke karolo e fetang halofo ea mefuta ea litšitšili liphoofolong tse ruuoang lapeng. Mefuta e ka bang 50 e senya lijalo tsa temo. Mefuta e meng e jara likokoana-hloko tsa mafu a limela tsa vaerase. Mefuta e mengata ea lelapa lena ke eona e kotsi ka ho fetisisa.
Potato bug (Li-calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - kokoanyana ea 'mala o motala o mosehla, bolelele ba limilimithara tse tšeletseng ho isa ho tse robeli. Linaka li telele ebile li tšoana le khoele. Mahe a mosehla le bophara ba limilimithara tse peli. E fumanoa ka k'habeche, litapole, lirosa le chrysanthemums. Larvae (nymphs) le likokoanyana tse kholo li monya lero ho tloha makhasi, li-inflorescences le lipalesa. Matheba a Necrotic a hlaha libakeng tse senyehileng tsa makhasi. Makhasi a sosobana 'me likutu lia holofala. Bohareng ba latitudes, kokoanyana e hlahisa meloko e 'meli ka selemo. Tse tšehali li behela mahe ka har'a stems ea limela tse boreleli, moo li fetang mariha. Nymphs e qhotsoa mahe nakong ea selemo ebe e ja lero la semela.
Phoso lekhulo kapa bothata ba tšimo (Lygus pratensis L). Bolelele ba 'mele 5-7 mm. Mmele o mokgutshwane oval, mmala o fapana ho tloha botala bo bosehla ho isa bosootho bo lefifi. Hlooho e na le mela e meraro e lefifi, li-larvae li botala bo mosehla, tse nang le matheba a mahlano a matšo karolong e ka holimo ea 'mele (a mabeli ho pronotum, a mabeli a mesonotum le a mang ka lehlakoreng le ka holimo la mpa). E ajoa hohle ntle le sebaka sa tundra. Litšitšili tsa batho ba baholo li feta mariha tlas'a maloanlahla a limela masimong a lifate. Ho tsoa libakeng tsa bolulo ho etsahala kapele ka mor'a hore lehloa le qhibilihe. Nakong ea selemo (Mphalane - Mots'eanong), kokoanyana ea meadow e fepa haholo lijalo tsa mariha, ebe e fallela ho lipeo tsa meroho, li-beet tse tsoekere le joang ba furu, ka mor'a moo e fetela lemang la litapole. Tse tšehali li beha mahe ka har'a lisele tse monate tsa petioles kapa methapong ea makhasi a mefuta e mengata ea limela. Nako ea embryonic e nka matsatsi a ka bang 10. Li-larvae li hlaha ka mor'a matsatsi a 25-35. Sebakeng sa steppe ka boroa ho Ukraine, sebakeng sa Lower Volga le North Caucasus, sesenyi se fana ka meloko e meraro ho isa ho e mene, sebakeng sa meru-steppe - meloko e meraro, sebakeng se bohareng sa karolo ea Europe ea Russia. Federation - meloko e 'meli, libakeng tse ka leboea moloko o le mong kapa tse peli. Ho fofa ha moloko oa pele karolong e bohareng ea Russia Federation ho hlokomeloa ho elella bofelong ba June - mathoasong a July, moloko oa bobeli - ho tloha halofo ea bobeli ea July ho ea qetellong ea August. Litšitšili tsa Meadow li tsamaea haholo, hangata li fofa li batla limela tse loketseng tsa lijo. Makhasi a jeoang ke lekokoana la likokoanyana, limela tse amehang makala ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang 'me a koalehile ho hola. Li-buds tse senyehileng le lipalesa lia oa. Ka lilemo tse ling, litšitšili li baka tšenyo e khōlō lijalong tsa temo, tseo boholo ba tsona bo ke keng ba lula bo hlahlojoa ka mahlo, kaha likokoanyana le tsona li sebetsa e le bajari ba mafu a bakoang ke vaerase.
Phoso ea lesere tloaelehileng kapa perefly lesere (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze). Bolelele ba 'mele 7.5 - 9.0 mm. Proboscis e fetela ka nģ'ane ho bohareng ba prothorax. Karolo e ka holimo ea 'mele e koahetsoe ke moriri oa silevera. Ho na le matheba a mabeli ho isa ho a mane a matšo holim'a pronotum. E fumaneha karolong ea Europe ea Russia - ka leboea ho ea libakeng tsa Karelia, Kirov le Sverdlovsk, merung le libakeng tsa meru ea Siberia le Asia Bohareng - ho fihlela ho 62о Ka. w. Mahe a beha ka stems ea perennial legumes overwinter. Kholiso ea postembryonic ea kokoanyana e nka matsatsi a 14 - 60 ka mocheso oa + 15 - 20оC. Mocheso o nepahetseng bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea likokoanyana: + 20 - 30оC. Larvae ea "bedbug" e qhibiliha ka makhetlo a mane 'me e hōla, ho itšetlehile ka mocheso, ho tloha matsatsing a 14 ho isa ho a 34. Ukraine ba fana ka tse peli, le Asia Bohareng - meloko e meraro.
Ka mocheso o ka tlase ho +15оKa nts'etsopele ea mahe ho basali, nts'etsopele ea emisa. Ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore karolong e ka boroa ea sebaka sa steppe sa Ukraine le ka boroa-bochabela ho karolo ea Europe ea Russia, mocheso o phahameng o baka ho fokotseha ha palo ea litšitšili. Palo ea likokoanyana e boetse e fokotseha ka mocheso o tlase oa lehlabula.
Litapole, likokoana-hloko tsa lesere li ngata haholo libakeng tse ka boroa. Ha e le hantle, likokoanyana li ja litho tse hlahisang limela, tse etsang hore li-buds le lipalesa li omelle ebe li oa.
Phoso lebala (lekhulo (Lygus pratensis L)). Kokoanyana ena e bolelele ba 6.0 - 6.5 mm. Mmele o bataletse, o molelele. Mmala o boputsoa bo botala kapa o sootho bo lefifi. Phoso ea tšimo ke polyphagous. E fepa ka limela tse ngata tsa herbaceous. Likokoanyana tse kholo (imago) li hibernate 'me li tsoha hang ka mor'a hore lehloa le qhibilihe. Ka April - May, likokoana-hloko li ja lijalo tsa mariha, ebe li fetela ho lipeo tsa limela tsa meroho, li-beet tse tsoekere, joang ba furu, joalo-joalo, ka mor'a moo li hlaha ka litapole. Mofuta ona o ajoa hohle ntle le sebakeng sa tundra. Sebakeng se bohareng ba Federation ea Russia, kokoanyana e fana ka meloko e 'meli (meloko), ka boroa ho Ukraine, sebakeng sa Lower Volga, North Caucasus - meloko e meraro ho isa ho e mene. Sebakeng se bohareng, likokoana-hloko tsa moloko oa pele li fofa qetellong ea June, mathoasong a Phupu, 'me batho ba baholo ba moloko oa bobeli ba fofa ho tloha halofo ea bobeli ea July ho ea qetellong ea August. Ts'ebetso ea likokoanyana tse fofang e phahame, e leng se kenyang letsoho ho phatlalatseng mafu a limela tseo ba li jereng (tse kang litapole spindle tuber viroid kapa litapole tsa gothic virus, livaerase tsa mosaic tsa litapole, stolbur ea limela tsa nightshade), haholo-holo ka boroa ho Russia.
Phoso beet kapa holop sootho beet (Poeciloscytus, Polymerus cognatus Fieb) kapa Beet horsefly. Bolelele ba 3-5 mm. 'Mele o koahetsoe ke moriri oa silika; moeling o ka pele oa pronotum, selikalikoe sa popelo se arotsoe ke groove e tebileng. 'Mala o fapane, o fapane, hangata o sootho-o mosehla. Bokaholimo ba scutellum bo lula bo le mosehla. Mapheo a ka pele a sootho-bosehla ka letheba le bosootho bo botsho bohareng. Li-membrane li sootho ka mosi, khutlo-tharo e lipakeng tsa lera le karolo e 'ngoe ea elytra e bofubelu bo sootho. Larva e tala ka mahlo a khubelu, ho fihlela ho 3.3 mm ka bolelele. Ho na le matheba a mabeli a matšo holim'a thebe. Ho na le letheba le chitja le letšo lehlakoreng la mokokotlo la mpa. Mahe a overwinter limela tse fapaneng (bindweed, quinoa, alfalfa, pigweed, rapeseed, joalo-joalo). Nakong ea selemo, li-bug larvae li hlaha limela tsena. Likokoanyana tse kholo li hlaha 'me li fofa qetellong ea May - mathoasong a June. Li hasana sebakeng se bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse tharo 'me li fetela lijalong tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa le litapole. Mofuta ona o senya haholo lijalo le lijalo tsa beet. Tse tšehali tsa disenyi beha mahe ka dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapong le petioles ea makhasi, ka e ka holimo bonolo dikarolo tsa stems, beha bona ka lihlopha tse 'maloa likotoana, haufi-ufi petelitsoe mong ho e mong. E 'ngoe e tšehali e behela mahe a 70 ho isa ho a 240. Li-embryos tsa litšitšili, ho itšetlehile ka mocheso, li hōla ka hare ho matsatsi a 5-15. Li-larvae li fepa le ho hōla bakeng sa likhoeli tse 1 - 1.5. Karolong e bohareng ea Russia, kokoana e fana ka meloko e 'meli, libakeng tse ka boroa - meloko e meraro ho isa ho e mene. Ha makhasi a beet a fetoha mahoashe 'me a se a sa tšoanelehe bakeng sa ho fepa likokoanyana, a fallela limela tsa quinoa, lesere, lengana, joalo-joalo, moo li lulang ho fihlela ka hoetla 'me li behela mahe a setseng bakeng sa mariha. Ha li fepa li-beet, likokoana-hloko li monya lero ho tloha makhasi, li etsa hore li kobehe. Makhasi a senyehileng a fetoha sootho ebe a omella. Ebe likokoanyana li fetela makhasi a bohareng a bonolo, ka lebaka leo limela li khaotsang ho hōla kapa ho omella ka ho feletseng. Lipalesa li omella 'me peō e hlahisoang e fetoha sootho. Ha li senngoa ke likokoana-hloko, boima le tsoekere ea metso ea beet lia theoha, 'me li-testes li hlahisa peō e nyenyane e melang tlaase. Litšitšili tsa beet li fetisa livaerase tsa mosaic. Kokoana ena e tloaelehile libakeng tsa meru-steppe le steppe moo ho ntseng ho hōla beet. E tsejoa e le sesenyi se matla sa li-beet libakeng tsa steppe (Asia Bohareng, Altai Territory, karolo e ka bochabela ea sebaka sa steppe sa Ukraine, sebaka sa Voronezh, Krasnodar Territory, Western Siberia). Polyphagous. Limela tse ka sehloohong tsa lijo - ho phaella ho litapole le li-beet - ke vetch, lierekisi, mosetareta, hemp, folaxe, lesere, soneblomo, soya, lentile, sainfoin, joalo-joalo Likokoanyana tsa beet li baka kotsi e kholo haholo lilemong tse omileng, ha limela tse hlaha li omella. Ka ntle, litšitšili li falla ho tloha masimong a haufi le mahoatateng bakeng sa lijalo tsa limela tse lengoang. Litšitšili tsa batho ba baholo le li-larvae li monya lero makhasi, 'me qalong mosebetsi oa tsona ha o bonahale. Makhasing a ntseng a nyamela u ka bona marotholi a pepeneneng a lero le omisitsoeng. Limela tse shoang li fetoha tse ntšo ebe li omella, 'me mahlomela a fetoha khoele. Litšitšili li jara likokoana-hloko tsa mafu a vaerase a litapole le li-sugar beet.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa likokoana-hloko tse jang limela: li-ladybugs, li-pseudoscorpions, mefuta e meng ea li-centipedes le bohloa.
Ntoa
- Ho tlosa masalla a lijalo tšimong.
- Ho lema pele ho hoetla.
- Taolo ea lehola meeling le libakeng tse mabapi le lijalo tsa temo.
Hoa hlokahala ho kuta ka hloko le ho tlosa limela tse hlaha tšimong, le ho khaola lesere ka tlaase e le ho tlosa mahe a likokoanyana a overwintering masimong.
Pele ho ts'oaetso ea selemo, litlama tse hlaha li tlameha ho bokelloa ka hloko le ho chesoa.
Ha e khothalletsoe ho lema limela tsa litapole haufi le lijalo tsa joang bo sa feleng.