Ho tsoa makasineng: No. 3 2014
Sehlopha: Ho Tsepamiso
Boris Anisimov, Motlatsi oa Motsamaisi All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming e reheletsoeng ka. A.G. Lorja
Sengoloa se bua ka litlhoko tsa phytosanitary bakeng sa mafu a vaerase le baktheria, a tlamehang ho laoloa ka thata ka har'a meeli ea libaka tse khethehileng tsa tlhahiso ea peo ea litapole. Ho lebisoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho fokotsa mehloli le likokoana-hloko tsa ts'oaetso, tšebeliso ea mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho thibela le ho laola li-phytopathogens ka har'a libaka tse khethehileng bakeng sa tlhahiso ea litapole tsa peo ea pele le tse phahameng.
Mafu a tšoaetsanoang a bakoang ke likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic le libaktheria a ka lebisa ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha boleng ba litapole tsa peo. Ho na le mokhoa o amoheloang ka kakaretso - ha boemo ba tšoaetso bo phahame libakeng tseo litapole tsa peo li lengoang ho tsona, monyetla o moholo oa ho ata ha tšoaetso. ka peo le ka mobu, le kotsi e tebileng haholoanyane e ka bakoang ke mafu ana [1].
Litloaelong tsa lefats'e la sejoale-joale, bothata bona bo rarolloa ka katleho ka ho theha libaka tse khethehileng tse sirelelitsoeng (libaka) tse nang le maemo a matle a tlhaho, a leholimo le a phytosanitary bakeng sa ho hola a phetse hantle (e se nang phytopathogens) litapole tsa peo. Ho thehoa ha libaka tse joalo, ha e le hantle, ho fetoha karolo ea bohlokoa ea mekhoa ea morao-rao ea tlhahiso ea peo ea litapole e se nang kokoana-hloko [2,3,4,5].
Ka mohlala, se tsebahalang ke boiphihlelo bo atlehileng ba ho theha le ho sebetsa sebaka se ikhethileng bakeng sa ho lema litapole tsa mofuta oa boleng bo holimo naheng ea Finland, sebakeng se nang le boemo ba leholimo bo pholileng (profinseng ea Tyrnavä), moo ho nang le litekanyetso tse thata ho feta tsa phytosanitary. e hlahisoang sebakeng sena. Se thahasellisang haholo tabeng ena ke phihlelo ea Great Britain, moo libaka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa phytosanitary li fumanoeng linaheng tsa Scotland le Northern Ireland, tse filoeng boemo bo khethehileng ba EU. "Sebaka sa ho lema litapole tsa peo ea boleng bo holimo" (Sebaka se Phahameng sa Peo ea Litapole) [6,7].
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, libakeng tse ling tsa Russia Federation, mosebetsi o mafolofolo o boetse o entsoe ho theha libaka tse loketseng tlhahiso ea peo ea litapole, moo ho theoang taolo e thata ea 'mele ea phytosanitary' me ho lebisoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho fokotsa likotsi tse ka bang teng tsa ho ata ha tšoaetso. ka peo le ka mobu [2,3,4].
Ts'ebetsong ea sejoale-joale ea taolo ea phytosanitary ka har'a meeli ea libaka tse khethiloeng tse melang peo, lihlopha tse 'ne tsa lintho tsa pathogenic li laoloa ka thata haholo:
- mafu le tse senyang lijalo tsa bohlokoa ba ho arola batho (kankere ea litapole, rot e sootho, potato cyst nematode);
- likokoana-hloko tsa phytopathogenic tse fetisoang ke mefuta ea hoaba e fallang (Y- kokoana-hloko ea litapole (YBK - mefuta e sa tšoaneng), A- kokoana-hloko ea litapole (ABKkokoana-hloko ea M-potato (MBK) le kokoana-hloko ea lekhasi la litapole (PLV);
- livaerase tse fetisoang ke li-nematode tse lulang mobung le li-fungus (kokoana-hloko ea litapole tse holimo ("MOP-TOP") le kokoana-hloko ea koae (kokoana-hloko ea "RETTL");
- libaktheria tsa pathogenic ("leoto le letšo" le ho bola ha li-tubers).
Mafu le tse senyang lijalo tse nang le bohlokoa ba ho behelloa ka thoko li nkuoa li le kotsi haholo, ka hona, monyetla oa ho hasana ha tsona ka thepa ea peo le mobu libakeng tseo ho lengoang litapole tsa peo li lokela ho qheleloa ka thoko ka botlalo.
Litlhoko tsa phytosanitary bakeng sa mafu a vaerase le baktheria li laoloa ke ho hlahisoa ha mamello ea taolo ka har'a moralo oa litekanyetso tsa hajoale tsa boleng ba machaba le tsa naha bakeng sa litapole tsa peo [8,9]. Linaha tse ngata tse rekisang litapole ka kakaretso ha li mamelle tšoaetso ea baktheria (Dickey/Pectobacterium spp., Clavibacter michiganensis). Tšoaetso ea lihlahisoa tsa peo e nang le likokoana-hloko tse tsamaisoang ke mefuta ea hoaba e fallang e laoloa ka thata ho latela tlhahlobo ea laboratori ea lisampole tsa tuber ho tsoa ho bana ba lihlopha tsa SE (super elite), E (elite), A le B (1-2 e hlahisoang ka mor'a batho ba phahameng) ho sebelisoa. Litlhokahalo tse thata tsa taolo ea litekanyetso (Letlapa la 1).
Letlapa la 1. Litaelo tsa taolo ea litekanyetso tsa tšilafalo ea vaerase ea litapole tsa peo e kenang khoebong linaheng tsa EU (teko ea ELIZA)
Страны | Mamello bakeng sa lihlopha / meloko ea litapole tsa peo,% | |||
SE | E1-3 | A1-2 | B | |
EC* | 4 | 10 | ||
UNECE** | 2-4 (1-2) | 10 (5) | 10 | |
Jeremane** | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Holland | 0,5 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Finland*** | 0,5-1 | 4-10 | ||
France | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
Belgium | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
Bulgaria | 0,5 | 0,5-4 | 8 | 10 |
Rephabliki ea Czech | 2 | 2-4 | 5-10 | 10 |
*Ho ea ka Litaelo tsa EU 2002/56 le 93/17
** Mamello bakeng sa YVK
***Mamello bakeng sa livaerase YVK+AVK
Tekanyo ea likotsi tse ka bang teng tsa tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko ea litapole e itšetlehile haholo ka litšobotsi tsa tlhaho le tsa leholimo tsa libaka. Sebakeng se seholo sa Russia, litapole li ka lengoa ka katleho hoo e batlang e le hohle, empa hoa khoneha ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tsa peo ea boleng bo holimo feela maemong a nang le boemo ba leholimo bo botle le kotsi e nyane ea ho hasana ha likokoana-hloko tsa mefuta e matla (e hlobaetsang) ea. mafu a vaerase, haholo-holo wrinkled and banded mosaic (YBK) le necrotic ringspot potato tubers (YВКNTN) (Setšoantšo sa 1).
Setšoantšo sa 1 Matšoao a mosaic o matla (a hlobaetsang) (YBK) le sebaka sa selikalikoe sa li-tubers tsa litapole (YBKNTN[9].
Ka lebaka la maemo a fapaneng a tlhaho le a leholimo, hammoho le lintlha tse nang le tšusumetso e matla ho boleng ba litapole tsa peo libakeng tseo li hlahisoang ho tsona Russia Federation, lefats'eng ka bophara re ka khetholla libaka tse tharo tse nang le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa limela. boemo ba ts'oaetso le ts'ebetso eohle ea likokoana-hloko tsa likokoanyana tse jereng tšoaetso .
Libaka tse ka leboea le leboea-bophirimela ka kakaretso li nkuoa e le tsona tse ntle ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ho lema litapole tsa peo ea boleng bo holimo. Boemo ba leholimo bo pholileng nakong ea ho hōla, hammoho le semelo se batlang se le tlase sa likokoana-hloko tsa likokoanyana, li etsa hore ho khonehe ho fokotsa ho ata ha likokoana-hloko tse kotsi ka ho fetisisa. Nako ea ho hōla libakeng tsena e khutšoanyane haholo: ho tloha bofelong ba May ho ea bohareng ba September (matsatsi a 100-110). Empa bolelele ba letsatsi, tšobotsi ea leboea latitudes, haholo-holo ka lekhetlo la pele ho hōla nako, baka maemo a molemo bakeng sa khōlo e potlakileng le ntshetsopele ea limela, potlakisa tuberization le lijalo sebopeho. Maemo ana a etsa hore libaka tsena li be molemo bakeng sa ho lema lipeo tsa boleng bo holimo.
Karolong e bohareng ea Russia, ho kenyelletsa le sebaka se Bohareng, Central Black Earth, sebaka sa Middle Volga, hammoho le Urals, Siberia le Bochabela bo Hōle, leha ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea maemo a leholimo le mobu, ka kakaretso e tšoauoa ka semelo se itekanetseng sa mojaro o tšoaetsanoang. E ka nkuoa e le sebaka se loketseng ho latela melao ea phytosanitary bakeng sa ho hlophisa tlhahiso ea hau ea litapole tsa peo ho latela litlhoko tsa taolo ea litekanyetso.
Borwa le libaka tsa Boroa-Bochabela ha e ratehe bakeng sa ho holisa peo ya peo ya boleng bo hodimo. Ka lebaka la nako ea ho hola e chesang le e omileng, 'me, joalo ka molao, boemo bo phahameng ba ts'oaetso le ts'ebetso e felletseng ea likokoanyana tse tsamaisang ts'oaetso (ntle le libaka tsa lithaba le lithaba tsa North Caucasus), sekhahla sa ho eketseha ha tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko ka tlhahiso e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tšimo e latelang e phahame haholo ho feta libakeng tse fumanehang likarolong tse ling tse ka leboea. Sekhahla se phahameng sa kholo ea tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko se fokotsa tlhahiso 'me se mpefatsa boleng ba peo ea litapole ka mor'a nako ea bobeli ea ho hola, le ka mefuta e hlaselehang habonolo le kamora ea pele.
E 'ngoe ea melao-motheo ea ho theha libaka tse khethehileng tsa ho lema peo ke ho aroloa ha libaka tsa masimo ha ho ntse ho bolokoa ho tlosoa ha sebaka se hlokahalang sa thepa e phetseng hantle ho tsoa mehloling efe kapa efe e ka bang teng ea tšoaetso ea vaerase (ho lema litapole tsa lijo, lirapa tsa meroho, matloana, jj.) . Ka lebaka lena, ka har'a meeli ea libaka tse khethehileng tsa ho lema peo, hoa hlokahala ho etsa bonnete ba hore ho latela ka tieo litekanyetso tse tlase tsa ho itšehla thajana bakeng sa lihlopha le lihlopha tse tsamaellanang tsa litapole tsa peo tsa pele le tse phahameng. Ho ipapisitsoe le mehopolo ea sejoale-joale mabapi le mekhoa le litšoaneleho tsa phetiso le ho ata ha livaerase tsa phytopathogenic, hammoho le ho falla ha bajari ba tsona ho litapole, ho khothalletsoa ho netefatsa sebaka se hole le mehloli e ka bang teng ea ts'oaetso bakeng sa thepa ea peo ea methati ea mantlha. tlhahiso ea 500 m, meloko e latelang ea tšimo ea 100 m (Letlapa la 2)
Letlapa la 2. Maemo a ho itšehla thajana a khothalletsoang ho holisa litapole tsa peo ea pele le tse phahameng.
sehlopha | Sehlopha | Ho kenya letsoho |
Lisebelisoa tse so ntlafatsoe | Ho hola li-mini-tubers tlas'a tšireletso ho li-vectors tse tšoaetsanoang | Li-greenhouses tsa lehlabula tse nang le polycarbonate, tse koahelang lithanele tse entsoeng ka thepa e bobebe ea ho koahela |
Litapole tsa peo ea pele | Tšimo ea phatlalatso (meloko e 1-2) | 500 m hole le lihlopha tse ling tsa litapole tsa peo |
Litapole tsa peo ea Elite | Li-nursery tsa maemo a holimo le tse phahameng | Sebaka sa limithara tse 100 ho tloha lihlopha tse tlaase tsa peo le lijalo tsa khoebo |
Ka tloaelo, libaka tse lebōpong la leoatle tse nang le moea o motle oa moea tse haufi le maoatle le libaka tse kholo tsa metsi, masimo a pota-potiloeng ke masimo a meru a sireletsang, hammoho le libaka tse lemehang tse libakeng tse lithaba li loketse ka ho fetisisa e le lintlha tse ntle tsa ho theha tikoloho ka har'a meeli ea peo- libaka tse holang. Ho bohlokoa hore masimo a abetsoeng masimong a behole kamoo ho ka khonehang ho tloha masimong a litapole a likhoebo tsa indasteri le masimong a malapa a baahi. Ka har'a meeli ea sebaka se ka thōko se hōlang peo, monyetla oa ho lema litapole ka boithaopo ha oa lokela ho kenyelletsoa, haholo-holo lirapeng tsa baahi ba moo le matlong a mahlabula a lehlabula.
Ho latela pono e sebetsang, ho theha tikoloho e ntle ka ho fetesisa sebakeng se ikhethileng sa tlhahiso ea peo, haholo ha ho hola meloko ea masimong a mantlha, mokhoa o fumanehang ka botlalo le o sebetsang hantle ke "micro-isolation" o sebelisa lijalo tse sireletsang lijalo kapa joang. lipheletsong tsa tšimo (setšoantšo sa 2).
Raese. 2. Morero oa ho itšehla thajana ha lijalo tsa meloko ea pele ea masimong ho sebelisoa mokhoa o sireletsang oa ho jala lijalo tsa lijo-thollo mathōkong a tšimo.
Bakeng sa ho netefatsa boleng ba thepa ea peo libakeng tse khethehileng tsa tlhahiso ea peo, ho bohlokoa haholo ho sebelisa mekhoa e sebetsang ea temo e thibelang ho ata ha tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko maemong a masimong, ho kenyelletsa:
- ho lumellana le litekanyetso tse behiloeng bakeng sa ho arola sebaka sa litapole tsa peo tsa pele le tse phahameng ho tloha ho lenngoeng ha lihlahisoa tse fokolang;
- ho theha maemo a nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa kholo e potlakileng le nts'etsopele ea limela le ho potlakisa sebopeho sa tuber nakong ea ho hola;
- ho hloekisa phyto kamehla ka ho hana le ho tlosoa ha limela tse nang le tšoaetso ho tloha ho lema, e le mehloli ea tšoaetso;
- tšebeliso ea likokoana-hloko tse sebetsang hantle, hammoho le litokisetso tsa oli ea diminerale le ea meroho khahlanong le hoaba e jereng tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko;
- ho theha maemo a pele a ho tlosa litlhōrō ha ho khoneha ho rekisoa ha peo ea li-tubers, ho ela hloko liphello tsa ho beha leihlo mehloli ea tšoaetso le likokoanyana tse tsamaisang likokoana-hloko (mefuta e fallang ea hoaba) maemong a polasi ka 'ngoe;
- ho thibela likokoana-hloko libakeng tsa polokelo, lisebelisoa, mechine, lijana pele u boloka lotho ea peo.
Ka har'a libaka tse khethiloeng tsa ho jala peo, lihlahisoa tsa peo li tlameha ho hlahisoa ka mokhoa o tiileng ho latela litekanyetso tse behiloeng tsa boleng bakeng sa lihlopha le lihlopha tsa litapole tse hlahisitsoeng.
Mehloli ea lisebelisoa tse kenang ka har'a meeli ea libaka tse khethiloeng e lokela ho lekanyetsoa feela ho tse finyellang litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tsa boleng. Ho lumelloa ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa mohloli ho tsoa mehloling e mengata, empa hafeela e kopana le litekanyetso tse behiloeng tsa boleng. Lintho tse qalang tsa bophelo bo botle li tlameha ho hlahisoa lilaboratoring le li-greenhouses, tse ka bang ka ntle ho sebaka se khethiloeng.
Ka mor'a tsoelo-pele ea tšimo, ke feela lihlahisoa tsa peo tse hlahisoang ka har'a meeli ea eona tse lokelang ho sebelisoa sebakeng sa eona nakong e tlang. Ho lema lintho tse hlahisoang ka ntle ho setša hangata ha ho lumelloe. Tabeng ena, ho bohlokoa haholo ho netefatsa taolo e nepahetseng holim'a lirapa tsa baahi mme, ha ho hlokahala, ho hlophisa phepelo ea litapole tsa boleng bo holimo bakeng sa litlhoko tsa balemi ba lirapa ba lehae le baahi ba lehlabula. Ha e le hantle, sena se ka khoneha feela motheong oa ho kenya letsoho ka boithatelo ka karolo ea baahi ba sebaka seo le thahasello ea baahi ba ho fetola butle-butle thepa ea bona ea khale ea peō ka e ncha, e hlahisoang ka har'a meeli ea peo e laoloang. - sebaka se ntseng se hola.
E 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa puso e khethehileng ea tlhahiso ea thekenoloji ka har'a sebaka se laoloang ke ho kenngoa ha mokhoa o khethehileng oa ho hlahloba, o lokelang ho kopanya liphuputso tsa kamehla tsa phytosanitary le tlhahlobo ea laboratori ea lisebelisoa tsa peo ho sebelisa lisampole tsa makhasi le tuber. Ho tlameha ho netefatsoe hore ho tlameha ho netefatsoe ho latela melao le mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea liteko tsa laboratori bakeng sa lihlopha tse amehang/melokong ea litapole tsa peo. Kahoo, ho thepa ea pele ea invitro e reretsoeng clonal micropropagation ka laboratoring, 100% ea limela e lekoa ke tlhahlobo ea ELISA le PCR. Ha u lema li-tubers tse nyane ka li-greenhouses, bonyane limela tse 250 ho tsoa ho mofuta o mong le o mong li lekoa ke ELISA. Molokong oa pele oa tšimo ea li-tubers tse nyane, limela tse 200 sebakeng se seng le se seng sa mofuta o mong le o mong li lekoa ke ELISA (kapa li-tubers tse 200 tsa sampole ea kamora kotulo). Ka mohlala oa ka mor'a kotulo ho tsoa ho sejalo se phahameng ka ho fetisisa, li-tubers tse 200 ho tloha sehlopheng ka seng li lekoa ke ELISA. Litapole tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa le tse phahameng, ntle le tlhahlobo ea pono ea limela, nakong ea lipatlisiso tsa masimong, limela tse nang le matšoao a sa hlakang a matšoao a lefu li hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea immunodiagnostic.
Kenyelletso ea sistimi ea tlhahlobo e kopanyang tlhahlobo ea phytosanitary le taolo e tlamang ea laboratori ea mefuta e phahameng ka ho fetesisa ea litapole tsa peo ka har'a meeli ea libaka tse khethehileng tsa ho lema peo e lokela ho ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea melaoana ea mahlale a tlhahiso ea litapole tsa peo ea mantlha le e phahameng.
Ho rarolla bothata ba ho theha libaka tse khethehileng bakeng sa tlhahiso ea peo ea litapole, ho fana ka setifikeiti sa mobu oa temo ka ho etsa lipatlisiso ho khetholla likokoanyana, mafu le mofoka ka mor'a ho fana ka li-passport tsa phytosanitary tsa masimo. Ho ba teng ha li-passport tsa phytosanitary tsa masimo ke e 'ngoe ea litlhokahalo tsa netefatso ea boithaopo ea batho ka bomong le mekhatlo ea molao e sebetsanang le tlhahiso (ho lema), ho lokisa (itokisetso), ho paka le ho rekisa peo ea mekhahlelo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa.
Bukana ea libuka
1. Anisimov B.V. Likokoana-hloko tsa Phytopathogenic le taolo ea bona tlhahiso ea peo ea litapole (tataiso e sebetsang) - M.: Federal State Scientific Institution "Rosinformagrotekh", 2004. - 80 leq.
2. Anisimov B.V. Libaka tsa phytosanitary le karolo ea tsona tlhahisong ea peo ea litapole e senang kokoana-hloko // Boetsuwa ba ho sireletsa semela le ho arola batho. 2014, No. 11, leq. 14-19.
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6. The Seed Potatoes (Scotland) Amendmtnt Regulations 2000 No. 201.= (letsatsi la ho kena ts'ebetsong 01.04.2006). Mokhoa oa ho kena: https://www.legislation.gov.uk - Puo: Senyesemane, Serussia.
7. Melawana ea Sehlomathiso ea Litapole tsa Peo (Scotland) 2010 No. 71.= (letsatsi la tshebetso: 1.07.2010) Mokhoa oa ho kena: https://www.molao.gov.uk/-
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